Sulfur-free propellant compositions

ABSTRACT

Sulfur free propellant compositions for use as a blackpowder substitute in firearms, munitions, and pyrotechnics to form combustion byproducts that are water soluble and are free of corrosive sulfur compounds. Formulations include an ignition aid of a gluconic acid salt or an alkali metal nitrobenzoate salt or a mixture of the two salts in combination with various known oxidizing and reducing agents and with various known propellant additives. The oxidizing and reducing agents may be selected from the group consisting of carbon, lactose, potassium nitrate, potassium perchlorate, sodium benzoate, and mixtures thereof. The propellant additives may be selected from the group consisting of binders, burning rate modifiers, flow agents, colorants, coating agents, moisture retardants and mixtures thereof.

[0001] This invention relates to propellants in firearms, munitions, pyrotechnics, and the like. More specifically, this invention relates to a blackpowder substitute which forms combustion byproducts that are easily cleaned with water and are free of corrosive sulfur compounds.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] Blackpowder was one of the first materials that could be used as a propellant, an explosive, and in pyrotechnic devices. The Chinese are credited with its development many centuries ago. As blackpowder characteristics became known, its uses expanded. It was first used in cannons and hand cannons in Europe in the 14^(th) century. It began to be used in civil engineering projects in the 16^(th) century and in coal mining operations during the 17^(th) century. The forerunner of today's muzzleloading guns, the matchlock musket, was also invented in the 16^(th) century. Following that matchlock, further developments in firearms made the use of blackpowder more effective and convenient. In rapid succession, better ignition systems were developed with both the wheellock and the flintlock during the 16^(th) century. The percussion cap firearm, similar to that used today, was not developed until the 19^(th) century.

[0003] Thus, for hundreds of years, blackpowder remained unchallenged as the only material of its type. Inventors directed their efforts to making better use of blackpowder. With the advent of nitro-cellulose smokeless powder in the latter part of the 19th century, blackpowder lost its preeminence as the only gun propellant. Smokeless powder burned cleaner and produced more energy than did blackpowder, and it was safer to use and handle. However, because of blackpowder's lower gun barrel pressures, ignition characteristics, and low cost of manufacture, blackpowder retained its place in the market as the only propellant for antique firearms such as muzzleloaders and the preferred material for use in fuse manufacture, ignition devices, cannon round igniters, fireworks, and the like.

[0004] In 1978, U.S. Pat. No. 4,128,443 was issued to Pawlak and Levenson for Deflagrating Propellant Compositions. Blackpowder was soon no longer the muzzleloading propellant of choice for many sportsmen. The principal product marketed as a result of the Pawlak et. al. patent is known as Pyrodex powder. This product does not detonate and is less prone to accidental ignition than is blackpowder. In addition to being used as a propellant in muzzleloading and cartridge guns, Pyrodex powder has been formulated as a delay powder, a fuse powder, a fireworks powder, and in some military applications. However, Pyrodex it not without its own drawbacks. It does not ignite satisfactorily in flintlock guns and, like blackpowder, it contains sulfur which results in combustion residues that are hard to remove and can cause corrosion if left in the gun barrel.

[0005] U.S. Pat. No. 4,497,676 issued in 1985 to Kurtz. It was the first in a number of patents on sulfur-free compositions utilizing potassium nitrate and ascorbic or erythorbic acid. Some of these patents used slurries in the manufacture thus requiring the subsequent removal of large quantities of water. Others required cooking or heating with the attendant high production cost and hazard. Many of these products had low energy content and were very hygroscopic with the result that the product coagulated in the container, becoming a single, unusable lump.

[0006] Cioffe further expanded on the use of ascorbic or erythorbic acid in U.S. Pat. No. 5,449,423 by adding potassium perchlorate. This product had reduced hygroscopicity and higher energy, however, it requires high energy inputs during manufacture for compaction and subsequent granulation. The resulting product has been known to detonate. Other similar products are known that have the same bad characteristics.

[0007] Several factors have combined to increase the market for a clean burning, high performance propellant composition. Deer population in many states has grown substantially due to good conservation management, and these states now have separate seasons for muzzleloading guns during a so-called primitive weapons season, as well as a regular season for conventional, high powered firearms. The same is true in many western states having elk herds. Due to the growing popularity of muzzleloaders, gun manufacturers have developed the “in line” rifle which gives better ignition than the side-hammer percussion rifle, and these weapons are made to withstand higher gun barrel pressures. When Pyrodex powder was first introduced, the most popular projectile was the patched round ball. Today, modern projectiles using plastic sabots with a metal jacketed bullet are gaining ascendance and higher velocities are desirable.

[0008] The demand is growing for propellant compositions that will keep pace with expanding market of shooters and sportsmen having an interest in muzzleloading type weaponry. At the same time, the need remains for propellant compositions which solve the many disadvantages and drawbacks of corrosiveness and cleaning difficulty associated with blackpowder and conventional blackpowder substitutes such as Pyrodex powder. The primary objective of this invention is to meet these needs.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0009] More specifically, an object of the invention is to provide a propellant composition as a sulfur free deflagrating gas generating formulation to eliminate the presence of corrosive, sulfur-containing byproducts of combustion.

[0010] A corollary object of the invention is to provide a propellant composition as a sulfur free substitute for conventional blackpowder and which may be loaded in firearms on a volumetric basis similar to the way that blackpowder is loaded, rather than on a weight basis.

[0011] Another object of the invention is to provide a propellant composition for which the combustion byproducts may be readily removed with water to provide easy cleanup of weaponry in which such propellant composition is utilized.

[0012] Another object of the invention is to provide a propellant composition of the character described which forms water soluble combustion products free of sulfur-containing compounds.

[0013] An additional object of the invention is to provide a propellant composition of the character described with limited water formation in the combustion products to facilitate repeated use and ignition of subsequent charges in firearms.

[0014] A further object of the invention is to provide a propellant composition of the character described having reliable and consistent performance characteristics of good ignition, no detonation, good burn rate, low hygroscopic properties, reasonable time to peak pressure, adequate fouler pressure, moderate peak pressure, and reproducible velocity performance and ballistics.

[0015] Yet another object of the invention is to provide a propellant composition of the character described which can be manufactured from readily available chemicals, can be safely handled and stored, has an adequate shelf life, and can be manufactured in a modern gunpowder plant within industry standards for safety, handling, manufacture and storage.

[0016] In summary, an object of the invention is to provide sulfur free propellant compositions for use as a blackpowder substitute in firearms, munitions, and pyrotechnics which form combustion byproducts that are water soluble and are free of corrosive sulfur compounds. Formulations include an ignition aid of a gluconic acid salt or an alkali metal nitrobenzoate salt or a mixture of the two salts in combination with various known oxidizing and reducing agents and with various known propellant additives. The oxidizing and reducing agents may be selected from the group consisting of carbon, lactose, potassium nitrate, potassium perchlorate, sodium benzoate, and mixtures thereof. The propellant additives may be selected from the group consisting of binders, burning rate modifiers, flow agents, colorants, coating agents, moisture retardants and mixtures thereof.

[0017] Other and further objects of the invention, together with the features of novelty appurtenant thereto, will appear in the following detailed description of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0018] The important benefits of sulfur in various pyrotechnic mixtures such as blackpowder and modern blackpowder substitutes, such as Pyrodex powder as taught in U.S. Pat. No. 4,128,443 incorporated herein by reference, have long been known. However, the significant drawbacks and disadvantages of sulfur in pyrotechnic mixtures for firearms have also long been understood. The presence of sulfur in these prior art mixtures results in sulfur compounds being present in the combustion residue. In the case of blackpowder, such compounds include hydrogen sulfide, potassium sulfate, potassium thiosulfate, and potassium sulfide. In the case of Pyrodex powder, the sulfur-containing byproducts include principally potassium sulfate and potassium thiosulfate. Such sulfur compounds are difficult to remove from gun barrels where repeated use of the firearms without intermediate cleaning is frequently practiced. Without cleaning, such sulfur compounds combine with moisture and are highly corrosive to the metal parts of the firearm.

[0019] In both blackpowder and Pyrodex, sulfur is a necessary component. The low melting point of sulfur (i.e., 244° F.) contributes to a lower autoignition temperature and promotes a faster burning rate in propellant mixtures. In the traditional formulation of blackpowder, charcoal represents 15% by weight, potassium nitrate represents 75% by weight and sulfur represents 10% by weight. The autoignition temperature of blackpowder is approximately 580° F. and the burn rate is about 2.3 seconds per inch at atmospheric pressure.

[0020] If sulfur is simply removed from blackpowder, in an effort to control production of the corrosive sulfur byproducts, the product is changed dramatically. The autoignition temperature rises from. 580 to 750 or higher, the burn rate slows down form 2.3 seconds/inch to more than 4.1 seconds/inch, and the ignition properties become very poor. In other words, the modified blackpowder becomes ineffective for use as a propellant composition.

[0021] Although the numbers themselves change, the same relationship holds true for Pyrodex powder. When sulfur is removed from Pyrodex powder, the autoignition temperature rises, the burn rate slows down, and the ignition is poor. Therefore, it has heretofore not been possible to simply eliminate sulfur from Pyrodex powder and still maintain a propellant composition useful in muzzleloading weapons.

[0022] We have discovered that sulfur can be eliminated and still maintain a propellant by using a gluconic acid salt or an alkali metal nitrobenzoate salt as an ignition aid to various mixtures of oxidizing and reducing agents known to those skilled in the art. It is also possible to combine these novel formulations with various propellant additives known to those skilled in the gunpowder arts, such as binders, burning rate modifiers, flow agents, colorants, coating agents, moisture retardants and mixtures thereof.

[0023] The gluconic acid salts tested in formulations coming within the scope of this invention include sodium gluconate and potassium gluconate. Sodium gluconate has a chemical formula of C₆H₁₁NaO_(7,) a molecular weight of 218.13 and the recognized properties as indicated as reference #8372 of The Merck Index (9^(th) Edition), incorporated herein by reference. The form most commonly used and readily available is sodium D-gluconate. Potassium gluconate has a chemical formula of C₆H₁₁KO_(7,) a molecular weight of 234.24 and the recognized properties as indicated as reference #7413 of The Merck Index (9^(th) Edition).

[0024] Within the broad working range of concentrations tested for use as an ignition aid, the gluconic acid salt may be present in the amount of 0 to 45% by weight, is preferably present in the amount of 1 to 25% by weight, and is present in the amount of 2 to 15% by weight in the most likely commercial product applications.

[0025] The alkali metal nitrobenzoate salt tested in formulations within the scope of this invention include sodium meta-nitrobenzoate, or sodium 3-nitrobenzoate. The compound has a chemical formula of C₇H₄NO₄Na, a molecular weight of 189.11 and the recognized properties as indicated as reference #6411 of The Merck Index (9^(th) Edition).

[0026] Within the broad working range of concentrations tested for use as an ignition aid, the sodium meta-nitrobenzoate may be present in the amount of 0 to 40% by weight, is preferably present in the amount of 1 to 15% by weight, and is present in the amount of 2 to 12% by weight in the most likely commercial product applications.

[0027] The oxidizing and reducing or fuel agents useful in the formulations of this invention include carbon, sugars, nitrate salts, perchlorate salts, benzoate salts, and mixtures thereof. Oxidizing and reducing agents specifically tested include carbon, lactose, potassium nitrate, potassium perchlorate, sodium benzoate, and mixtures thereof.

[0028] The element carbon has a chemical formula of C, a molecular weight of 12.01 and the recognized properties as indicated as reference #1814 of The Merck Index (9^(th) Edition). The form most commonly used and readily available for use in this invention is charcoal. More specifically, the charcoal was air float charcoal derived from wood.

[0029] Within the broad working range of concentrations tested for use as a fuel in the propellant formulations, carbon may be present in the amount of 0 to 15% by weight, is preferably present in the amount of 1 to 12% by weight, and is present in the amount of 3 to 7% by weight in the most likely commercial product applications.

[0030] Numerous sugars have served as fuels for prior art compositions of propellants. Lactose has specifically been tested and found useful as a fuel in the formulations of this invention. However, other known sugars, such as dextrose, sucrose and fuels derived therefrom, are expected to be useful when combined with ignition agents of gluconate or sodium nitrobenzoate salts, or mixtures thereof. Lactose has a chemical formula of C₁₂H₂₂O_(11,) a molecular weight of 360.31 and the recognized properties as indicated as reference #5192 of The Merck Index (9^(th) Edition).

[0031] Within the broad working range of concentrations tested for use as a fuel in the propellant formulations, lactose may be optionally present in the amount of 0 to 15% by weight, is preferably present in the amount of 0 to 12% by weight, and may be optionally present in the amount of 0 to 10% by weight in the most likely commercial product applications.

[0032] Nitrate salts have served as oxidizing agents in prior art propellants. Potassium nitrate, known commonly as saltpeter, has been extensively tested and found useful as an oxidizing agent in the formulations of this invention. Potassium nitrate has a chemical formula of KNO_(3,) a molecular weight of 101.10 and the recognized properties as indicated as reference #7432 of The Merck Index (9^(th) Edition).

[0033] Within the broad working range of concentrations tested for use as an oxidizing agent in the propellant formulations, potassium nitrate may be present in the amount of 0 to 60% by weight, is preferably present in the amount of 20 to 50% by weight, and may be present in the amount of 30 to 45% by weight in the most likely commercial product applications.

[0034] Since the development of Pyrodex powder as a blackpowder substitute, perchlorate salts have also served as oxidizing agents in prior art propellants. Potassium perchlorate has been extensively tested and found useful as an oxidizing agent in the formulations of this invention. Potassium perchlorate has a chemical formula of KClO_(4,) a molecular weight of 138.55 and the recognized properties as indicated as reference #7439 of The Merck Index (9^(th) Edition).

[0035] Within the broad working range of concentrations tested for use as an oxidizing agent in the propellant formulations, potassium perchlorate may be present in the amount of 0 to 70% by weight, is preferably present in the amount of 15 to 50% by weight, and may be present in the amount of 20 to 40% by weight in the most likely commercial product applications.

[0036] The benzoate salts sodium benzoate and potassium benzoate have been tested and found useful in the formulations of this invention. Sodium benzoate has a chemical formula of C₇H₅NaO_(2,) a molecular weight of 144.11 and the recognized properties as indicated as reference #8326 of The Merck Index (9^(th) Edition). Potassium benzoate has a chemical formula of C₇H₅KO_(2,) a molecular weight of 160.22 and the recognized properties as indicated as reference #1100 of The Merck Index (9^(th) Edition).

[0037] Within the broad working range of concentrations tested for use in the propellant formulations, benzoate salt may be present in the amount of 0 to 30% by weight, is preferably present in the amount of 2 to 20% by weight, and may be present in the amount of 3 to 10% by weight in the most likely commercial product applications.

[0038] A broad range of various formulations of oxidizing and reducing agents with the ignitions agents of gluconic acid salts, or an alkali metal nitrobenzoate salt such as sodium nitrobenzoate or potassium nitrobenzoate, or mixtures thereof have been combined, without product degradation, with a variety of known propellant additives. Such additives include binders, burning rate modifiers, flow agents, colorants, coating agents, moisture retardants and mixtures thereof.

[0039] Propellant binders may comprise simply water, but dextrin is an agent known to serve as an effective binder in gunpowders. Dextrin has a chemical formula of C₆H₁₀O_(5,) a molecular weight of 162.14 and the recognized properties as indicated as reference #2909 of The Merck Index (9^(th) Edition).

[0040] Within the broad working range of concentrations tested for use as a binder in the propellant formulations, dextrin may be present in the amount of 0 to 10% by weight, is preferably present in the amount of 1 to 9% by weight, and may be present in the amount of 2 to 8% by weight in the most likely commercial product applications.

[0041] Likewise, water may also serve as a burning rate modifier. Dicyanodiamide is another agent known to modify burn rate in gunpowders. Dicyanodiamide has a chemical formula of C₂H₄N_(4,) a molecular weight of 84.08 and the recognized properties as indicated as reference #3068 of The Merck Index (9^(th) Edition).

[0042] Within the broad working range of concentrations tested for use as burn rate modifier in the propellant formulations, dicyanodiamide may be present in the amount of 0 to 10% by weight, is preferably present in the amount of 1 to 8% by weight, and may be present in the amount of 2 to 7% by weight in the most likely commercial product applications.

[0043] Tricalcium phosphate may serve as a flow agent in the propellant formulations. Tricalcium phosphate has a chemical formula of Ca₃(PO₄)_(2,) a molecular weight of 310.20 and the recognized properties as indicated as reference #1695 of The Merck Index (9^(th) Edition).

[0044] Within the broad working range of concentrations tested for use as a flow agent in the propellant formulations, tricalcium phosphate may be present in the amount of 0 to 1% by weight, is preferably present in the amount of 0.1 to 0.9% by weight, and may be present in the amount of 0.2 to 0.8% by weight in the most likely commercial product applications.

[0045] A small amount of carbon black may serve as a colorant in the propellant formulations. Blackpowder traditionalists and muzzleloading enthusiasts expect substitute powders to have a pleasing black color. Accordingly, an appropriate color shade may be achieved by adding up 0.5% by weight carbon black to the propellant formulations of this invention.

[0046] Likewise, coating agents such as graphite may be added to the propellant formulations of this invention. This may be done to improve the pouring and consistency of the product to better match the esthetics of traditional blackpowder characteristics.

[0047] Although the propellant formulations of this invention have not been found to be excessively hygroscopic, moisture retardants may be included in the product. Acceptable moisture retardants include silicon compounds known in the art for their moisture trapping and retaining properties.

[0048] Since the gluconic acid salts and alkali metal nitrobenzoate salt disclosed for use in this invention have not been previously known to have any use in pyrotechnic compositions, extensive tests have been conducted to attempt to understand the nature and scope of these compounds in various propellant formulations. A large number of the tested formulations are included in this application in Tables 1 through 3.

[0049] In the reported formulations of Tables 1 through 3, the raw materials of each formulation are given as a weight percentage. The combustion products are theoretically calculated and are likewise given as weight percentage.

[0050] In order to characterize the research compositions, the byproducts of the combustion reaction were calculated by a mass balance and a uniform method of determining the reaction byproducts. It is of course recognized that the uniform method does not necessarily yield correct absolute values due to the changes in byproducts that can occur from the reaction environment of high temperature and pressure to atmospheric conditions. Nonetheless, such method does give a good basis for relative comparison of one formulation with another.

[0051] The uniform method selected to calculate the reaction byproducts involves certain assumptions as follows. Materials that have very high melting points and are basically inert are considered to pass through the reaction unchanged. The inert portion of trace materials such as in charcoal are assumed to pass through the reaction unchanged. All hydrogen in the raw materials is assumed to be converted to water. All nitrogen in the raw materials is produced as nitrogen gas. All sodium in the raw materials is first produced as sodium chloride and secondly as sodium carbonate. All chlorine in the raw materials is first produced as sodium chloride and secondly as potassium chloride. Any remaining potassium after the above conversions is produced as potassium carbonate. Any remaining carbon is converted to carbon monoxide. Any remaining oxygen is used to convert carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide.

[0052] The composition of combustion products given in Tables 1 through 3, therefore, were determined in accordance with the foregoing method with the exception of the combustion products for blackpowder which are well known to those skilled in the gunpowder art to have the accepted values as listed.

[0053] As reported under performance characteristics in each of Tables 1 through 3, various test procedures or observations were made for each propellant formulation. A brief description of the test procedure or observation of the reported results are given as follows.

[0054] Autoignition Temperature is given in degrees Fahrenheit. Grains of the composition were placed on a hot plate at various locations until a location was found that caused combustion. The temperature of that location on the plate was then measured and recorded.

[0055] In the Open Tube Burn test, a small quantity of the composition was placed in a ½″ diameter plastic tube which was taped at one end. A fuse was placed in the open end and ignited. The nature of combustion of the composition was observed and the results recorded.

[0056] Burn Rate is given in seconds per inch. A quantity of the composition was compressed in a ½″ diameter tube at consistent pressure by increments until a pressing of about 1½″ in length was obtained. The pressed composition was then ignited and the time of burning was measured. The walls of the tube restricted the burning to just the cross-sectional area of the tube so that the composition burned in a cigarette type manner.

[0057] The Bulk Density is given in grams per cubic centimeter (gms/cc). A known volume of the composition was weighed, and the bulk density was calculated and recorded.

[0058] Moisture content is given as a weight percentage. Moisture content was measured using an Ohaus-type scale.

[0059] Ballistic characteristics were taken for 80 grains volumetric samples which means that the same volume was used that was equal to the volume of 80 grains by weight of blackpowder. The ballistic data was recorded.

[0060] The projectile velocities of multiple tests were measured and recorded as feet per second. For each shot, the test gun was charged with a known quantity of composition and the projectile was fired through velocity screens separated by a known distance. The time for the projectile to pass through one screen to the next was measured and the velocity was then calculated and recorded. Lo velocity represents the lowest velocity in the range of tests for the particular powder formulation being studied, Hi velocity represents the highest in the range of tests, ES velocity represents the spread between Lo and Hi velocities, Av velocity represents the average velocity, and SD velocity is the standard deviation for the range of tests.

[0061] The TTP test is given in milliseconds and represents the time to peak pressure. An electronic device was used to measure the elapsed time from the onset of pressure rise until the maximum pressure occurs in the gun barrel breech.

[0062] The Pressure test is given in pounds per square inch. A piezometer was used to determine the pressure in the breech of the gun at each firing of the composition and the maximum of such readings was recorded.

[0063] The Fouler pressure test is given in pounds per square inch. The Fouler pressure is measured with the piezometer as above, but this reading represents the first shot in a group of firings and was normally done with a clean barrel.

[0064] The ability to clean any combustion residue with water alone was also observed as part of the tests. With the exception of the tests on blackpowder recorded for comparative purposes, all of the formulations of this invention formed combustion byproducts which were easily removed with gun cleaning patches dipped in plain water.

[0065] In the following Table 1 representative examples are shown of propellant formulations in which a gluconic acid salt alone serves as the ignition aid for the oxidizing and reducing agents as indicated. TABLE 1 Gluconate Formulations Chemical Mole Black Ref Ref Ref Formula Weight Powder #657 #171 #75 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % Carbon Black C 12.01 0.45 0.5 0.5 Charcoal C 12.01 15.00 3.15 3 Dextrin C₆H₁₀O₅ 162.14 6.00 6 6 Dicyanodiamide C₂H₄N₄ 84.08 Graphite C 12.01 Lactose C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ 360.31 6.1 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate C₇H₄NO₄Na 189.11 Potassium Nitrate KNO₃ 101.10 75.00 16.63 38 53.1 Potassium Perchlorate KClO₄ 138.55 48.83 32.5 21.2 Sodium Benzoate C₇H₅NaO₂ 144.11 21.00 9.8 14.8 Potassium Benzoate C₇H₅KO₂ 160.22 Sodium Gluconate C₆H₁₁NaO₇ 218.13 3.55 3.7 4 Potassium Gluconate C₆H₁₁KO₇ 234.24 Sulfur S 32.06 10.00 Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 310.20 0.40 0.4 0.4 TOTAL 100.00 100.00 100.0 100 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % Ammonium Carbonate (NH₄)₂CO₃ 96.11 0.97 Carbon Dioxide CO₂ 44.01 24.93 16.2 19 Carbon Monoxide CO 28.01 3.97 38.20 17.4 9.3 Hydrogen Sulfide H₂S 34.08 0.69 Methane CH₄ 16.04 0.49 Nitrogen N₂ 28.02 9.92 2.30 5.3 7.4 Potassium Carbonate K₂CO₃ 138.20 26.56 22.40 32.2 44.7 Potassium Thiocyanate KCNS 97.18 1.97 Potassium Sulfate K₂SO₄ 174.25 12.34 Potassium Thiosulfate K₂S₂O₃ 190.32 15.40 Potassium Sulfide K₂S 110.26 2.23 Potassium Chloride KCl 74.56 14.30 10.9 2.3 Sodium Carbonate Na₂CO₃ 105.99 Sodium Chloride NaCl 58.45 9.40 5.1 7.1 Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 310.20 0.40 0.4 0.4 Water H₂O 18.02 11.60 11.6 9.8 Ash or Unburned Carbon C 12.01 0.53 1.40 0.9 TOTAL 100.00 100.00 100.0 100 PERFORMANCE FACTORS Autoignition Temp, ° F. 580 800 760 860 Open tube burn just burn fast just burn just burn Burn rate, secs/in. 2.3 5.3 7.9 9.1 Bulk Density 1 0.84 0.87 0.81 Moisture, wt. % <0.5 0.9 0.7 0.8 Ballistics 80 gr. vol. Lo velocity, fps 1624 1586 1764 1393 Hi velocity, fps 1690 only 1863 1426 ES velocity, fps 66 one 99 33 Av velocity, fps 1664 shot 1825 1407 SD velocity, fps 26 48 15 TTP, ms. 0.8 0.2 1 1 Pressure, psi max. 11000 29500 6800 3600 Fouler pressure, psi 4100 1600 Chemical Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Formula #85 #165 #175 #663 #664 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % Carbon Black C 0.5 0.5 0.5 Charcoal C 3 3 5 5 Dextrin C₆H₁₀O₅ 6 4 4 4 Dicyanodiamide C₂H₄N₄ Graphite C Lactose C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ 6.8 7 5.5 7 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate C₇H₄NO₄Na Potassium Nitrate KNO₃ 55.5 37 37.8 37.8 37.8 Potassium Perchlorate KClO₄ 22.2 31.5 32.2 32.2 32.2 Sodium Benzoate C₇H₅NaO₂ 17.4 10.8 11 11 9.5 Potassium Benzoate C₇H₅KO₂ Sodium Gluconate C₆H₁₁NaO₇ 4 4 4.1 4.1 4.1 Potassium Gluconate C₆H₁₁KO₇ Sulfur S Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 TOTAL 100 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % Ammonium Carbonate (NH₄)₂CO₃ Carbon Dioxide CO₂ 25.5 10.2 13.7 12.9 13.5 Carbon Monoxide CO 2.2 23.9 20 21 20.2 Hydrogen Sulfide H₂S Methane CH₄ Nitrogen N₂ 7.7 5.1 5.2 5.2 5.2 Potassium Carbonate K₂CO₃ 47.3 31.4 32.5 32.5 31.5 Potassium Thiocyanate KCNS Potassium Sulfate K₂SO₄ Potassium Thiosulfate K₂S₂O₃ Potassium Sulfide K₂S Potassium Chloride KCl 1.7 10.3 10.1 10.1 11.2 Sodium Carbonate Na₂CO₃ Sodium Chloride NaCl 8.1 5.3 5.6 5.6 4.8 Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 Water H₂O 7.1 12.5 11.6 10.7 11.6 Ash or Unburned Carbon C 0.9 0.9 1.6 1.6 TOTAL 100 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 PERFORMANCE FACTORS Autoignition Temp, ° F. 930 740 770 770 740 Open tube burn just burn fast burn fast burn fast Burn rate, secs/in. 7.1 6.9 6.7 7.2 7.8 Bulk Density 0.64 0.84 0.81 0.84 0.84 Moisture, wt. % 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 Ballistics 80 gr. vol. Lo velocity, fps 1545 1864 1937 1930 1839 Hi velocity, fps 1592 1941 1976 1960 1884 ES velocity, fps 138 77 39 30 45 Av velocity, fps 1537 1923 1958 1946 1865 SD velocity, fps 70 33 17 11 18 TTP, ms. 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 Pressure, psi max. 11100 7700 8800 10400 8900 Fouler pressure, psi 6000 5400 8000 7000 6300 Chemical Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Formula #665 #158 #680 #685 #677 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % Carbon Black C 0.5 Charcoal C 7 3 7 7 7 Dextrin C₆H₁₀O₅ 4 6 3.5 3.5 3 Dicyanodiamide C₂H₄N₄ Graphite C Lactose C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ 3.5 7.4 4 4 4 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate C₇H₄NO₄Na Potassium Nitrate KNO₃ 37.8 35.9 39.4 39.4 37.8 Potassium Perchlorate KClO₄ 32.2 30.6 30.7 33.2 32.2 Sodium Benzoate C₇H₅NaO₂ 11 11.8 10.5 8 11 Potassium Benzoate C₇H₅KO₂ Sodium Gluconate C₆H₁₁NaO₇ 4.1 4.4 4.5 4.5 4.6 Potassium Gluconate C₆H₁₁KO₇ Sulfur S Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 TOTAL 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % Ammonium Carbonate (NH₄)₂CO₃ Carbon Dioxide CO₂ 10.4 3.6 11.3 21.4 10.6 Carbon Monoxide CO 23.8 30.3 22.5 12.9 23.6 Hydrogen Sulfide H₂S Methane CH₄ Nitrogen N₂ 5.2 5 5.5 5.5 5.2 Potassium Carbonate K₂CO₃ 32.5 31.6 33.2 32 32.5 Potassium Thiocyanate KCNS Potassium Sulfate K₂SO₄ Potassium Thiosulfate K₂S₂O₃ Potassium Sulfide K₂S Potassium Chloride KCl 10.1 8.8 9.8 12.4 10.1 Sodium Carbonate Na₂CO₃ Sodium Chloride NaCl 5.6 5.9 5.4 4.3 5.6 Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 Water H₂O 9.8 13.4 9.8 8.9 9.8 Ash or Unburned Carbon C 2.2 0.9 2.2 2.2 2.2 TOTAL 100.0 99.9 100.1 100.0 100.0 PERFORMANCE FACTORS Autoignition Temp, ° F. 770 720 720 740 720 Open tube burn fast just burn fast fast Burn rate, secs/in. 6.3 7.3 6.7 8.1 6.6 Bulk Density 0.82 0.83 0.8 0.86 0.81 Moisture, wt. % 0.8 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.7 Ballistics 80 gr. vol. Lo velocity, fps 1939 1762 1908 1905 1930 Hi velocity, fps 1955 1890 1995 1966 2024 ES velocity, fps 16 128 87 61 94 Av velocity, fps 1948 1845 1951 1936 1980 SD velocity, fps 7 52 26 27 44 TTP, ms. 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.6 Pressure, psi max. 10900 7300 12600 11000 15400 Fouler pressure, psi 6700 4600 8500 6200 11900 Chemical Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Formula #147 #151 #679 #164 #58 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % Carbon Black C 0.5 0.5 0.5 Charcoal C 3 3 7 5 Dextrin C₆H₁₀O₅ 6 6 3 6 6 Dicyanodiamide C₂H₄N₄ 4.9 Graphite C Lactose C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ 9.5 8 4.2 9.6 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate C₇H₄NO₄Na Potassium Nitrate KNO₃ 37.9 34.8 39.4 34.2 48.6 Potassium Perchlorate KClO₄ 26.5 29.7 30.7 32.9 19.4 Sodium Benzoate C₇H₅NaO₂ 11.4 12.8 10.5 11.5 10.7 Potassium Benzoate C₇H₅KO₂ Sodium Gluconate C₆H₁₁NaO₇ 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.9 5 Potassium Gluconate C₆H₁₁KO₇ Sulfur S Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 TOTAL 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % Ammonium Carbonate (NH₄)₂CO₃ Carbon Dioxide CO₂ 11.3 8.8 2.2 Carbon Monoxide CO 33.1 33.4 22.4 24.5 26.3 Hydrogen Sulfide H₂S Methane CH₄ Nitrogen N₂ 5.3 4.8 5.5 4.7 10 Potassium Carbonate K₂CO₃ 32.9 31.3 33.4 30.4 39.8 Potassium Thiocyanate KCNS Potassium Sulfate K₂SO₄ Potassium Thiosulfate K₂S₂O₃ Potassium Sulfide K₂S Potassium Chloride KCl 6.7 7.8 9.4 10.1 3.4 Sodium Carbonate Na₂CO₃ Sodium Chloride NaCl 5.9 6.4 5.6 5.9 5.6 Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 Water H₂O 14.3 14.3 9.8 15.2 10.7 Ash or Unburned Carbon C 1.3 1.6 2.2 1.6 TOTAL 99.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 PERFORMANCE FACTORS Autoignition Temp, ° F. 740 750 710 770 840 Open tube burn just burn just burn fast just burn Burn rate, secs/in. 8.3 8.5 6.3 9.5 8.8 Bulk Density 0.82 0.84 0.8 0.84 0.78 Moisture, wt. % 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 Ballistics 80 gr. vol. Lo velocity, fps 1571 1655 1917 1713 1346 Hi velocity, fps 1616 1698 1970 1811 1442 ES velocity, fps 45 43 53 98 96 Av velocity, fps 1592 1676 1942 1765 1384 SD velocity, fps 19 19 20 44 39 TTP, ms. 1 1 0.6 0.8 1 Pressure, psi max. 4300 5700 12200 6300 3800 Fouler pressure, psi 2900 4600 10000 4500 2100 Chemical Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Formula #675 #159 #176 #177 #115 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % Carbon Black C 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Charcoal C 7 1 1 Dextrin C₆H₁₀O₅ 2 6 6 4 6 Dicyanodiamide C₂H₄N₄ Graphite C Lactose C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ 4.5 10.4 8.9 9.1 11.1 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate C₇H₄NO₄Na Potassium Nitrate KNO₃ 37.8 33.2 30.6 31.3 32.2 Potassium Perchlorate KClO₄ 32.2 31.9 33.1 33.8 30.9 Sodium Benzoate C₇H₅NaO₂ 11 12.4 14.2 14.5 13.3 Potassium Benzoate C₇H₅KO₂ Sodium Gluconate C₆H₁₁NaO₇ 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.6 Potassium Gluconate C₆H₁₁KO₇ Sulfur S Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 TOTAL 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % Ammonium Carbonate (NH₄)₂CO₃ Carbon Dioxide CO₂ 11 2.7 2.2 Carbon Monoxide CO 22.9 30.7 34.3 32.2 32.4 Hydrogen Sulfide H₂S Methane CH₄ Nitrogen N₂ 5.2 4.6 4.2 4.3 4.5 Potassium Carbonate K₂CO₃ 32.9 30 29.3 30.2 30.2 Potassium Thiocyanate KCNS Potassium Sulfate K₂SO₄ Potassium Thiosulfate K₂S₂O₃ Potassium Sulfide K₂S Potassium Chloride KCl 9.7 9.1 8.8 8.6 7.8 Sodium Carbonate Na₂CO₃ Sodium Chloride NaCl 5.9 6.4 7.1 7.4 6.9 Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 Water H₂O 9.8 16.1 15.2 14.3 17 Ash or Unburned Carbon C 2.2 0.6 0.3 0.9 TOTAL 100.0 100.0 99.9 99.9 100.1 PERFORMANCE FACTORS Autoignition Temp, ° F. 740 740 760 760 720 Open tube burn fast just burn just burn just burn just burn Burn rate, secs/in. 7 9.4 8.7 8.2 12 Bulk Density 0.8 0.83 0.85 0.83 0.81 Moisture, wt. % 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.9 Ballistics 80 gr. vol. Lo velocity, fps 1828 1776 1920 1970 1675 Hi velocity, fps 1963 1845 1973 2066 1729 ES velocity, fps 135 69 53 96 54 Av velocity, fps 1922 1825 1945 2019 1700 SD velocity, fps 53 28 20 36 20 TTP, ms. 0.6 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.9 Pressure, psi max. 13000 7100 9100 11800 6100 Fouler pressure, psi 6000 9200 14500 2300 Chemical Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Formula #673 #117 #676 #674 #660 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % Carbon Black C 0.5 0.38 Charcoal C 7 7 7 3.15 Dextrin C₆H₁₀O₅ 6 2 6.00 Dicyanodiamide C₂H₄N₄ Graphite C Lactose C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ 5.5 9.6 7.1 8 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate C₇H₄NO₄Na Potassium Nitrate KNO₃ 37.8 31.9 32.5 32.8 25.34 Potassium Perchlorate KClO₄ 32.2 30.9 32.2 32.2 39.06 Sodium Benzoate C₇H₅NaO₂ 11 13.3 11 11 16.80 Potassium Benzoate C₇H₅KO₂ Sodium Gluconate C₆H₁₁NaO₇ 6.1 7.4 7.8 8.6 8.88 Potassium Gluconate C₆H₁₁KO₇ Sulfur S Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.40 TOTAL 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.00 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % Ammonium Carbonate (NH₄)₂CO₃ Carbon Dioxide CO₂ 11.5 Carbon Monoxide CO 22.3 32 34.8 34.4 36.00 Hydrogen Sulfide H₂S Methane CH₄ Nitrogen N₂ 5.2 4.4 4.5 4.5 3.50 Potassium Carbonate K₂CO₃ 33 30.6 30.1 30.7 28.10 Potassium Thiocyanate KCNS Potassium Sulfate K₂SO₄ Potassium Thiosulfate K₂S₂O₃ Potassium Sulfide K₂S Potassium Chloride KCl 9.5 7.2 8.9 8.4 9.30 Sodium Carbonate Na₂CO₃ Sodium Chloride NaCl 6.1 7.4 6.6 6.9 9.20 Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.40 Water H₂O 9.8 17 12.5 12.5 12.50 Ash or Unburned Carbon C 2.2 1 2.2 2.2 1.00 TOTAL 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.00 PERFORMANCE FACTORS Autoignition Temp, ° F. 720 740 740 720 800 Open tube burn fast just burn fast just burn Burn rate, secs/in. 6.6 12.2 6.6 6.8 6.4 Bulk Density 0.78 0.85 0.77 0.77 0.81 Moisture, wt. % 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.8 Ballistics 80 gr. vol. Lo velocity, fps 1152 1726 1846 1654 1660 Hi velocity, fps 1727 1760 1951 1852 1907 ES velocity, fps 575 34 105 198 four Av velocity, fps 1530 1748 1896 1800 shots SD velocity, fps 327 14 38 82 TTP, ms. 0.4 0.9 0.6 0.5 0.3 Pressure, psi max. 24200 5800 13500 18400 24100 Fouler pressure, psi 14100 5000 11500 13900 Chemical Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Formula #662 #162 #83 #157 #170 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % Carbon Black C 0.38 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Charcoal C 5.25 3 3 3 Dextrin C₆H₁₀O₅ 6.00 6 6 3 Dicyanodiamide C₂H₄N₄ Graphite C Lactose C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate C₇H₄NO₄Na Potassium Nitrate KNO₃ 32.55 37.4 53.1 36.3 37.5 Potassium Perchlorate KClO₄ 32.55 30.8 21.2 29.9 30.9 Sodium Benzoate C₇H₅NaO₂ 14.00 12.4 14.8 13.6 14.1 Potassium Benzoate C₇H₅KO₂ Sodium Gluconate C₆H₁₁NaO₇ 8.88 9.5 10 10.3 10.6 Potassium Gluconate C₆H₁₁KO₇ Sulfur S Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 0.40 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 TOTAL 100.00 100 100 100 100 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % Ammonium Carbonate (NH₄)₂CO₃ Carbon Dioxide CO₂ 9.3 22.5 3 9.6 Carbon Monoxide CO 35.00 23.5 5.2 29.8 23 Hydrogen Sulfide H₂S Methane CH₄ Nitrogen N₂ 4.50 5.2 7.4 5 5.2 Potassium Carbonate K₂CO₃ 31.60 34.6 46.6 34.6 35.9 Potassium Thiocyanate KCNS Potassium Sulfate K₂SO₄ Potassium Thiosulfate K₂S₂O₃ Potassium Sulfide K₂S Potassium Chloride KCl 7.20 6.9 0.2 5.5 5.5 Sodium Carbonate Na₂CO₃ Sodium Chloride NaCl 8.10 7.6 8.7 8.4 8.7 Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 0.40 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 Water H₂O 11.60 11.6 8.9 12.5 10.7 Ash or Unburned Carbon C 1.60 0.9 0.9 0.9 TOTAL 100.00 100 99.9 100.1 99.9 PERFORMANCE FACTORS Autoignition Temp, ° F. 730 710 780 720 740 Open tube burn fast just burn just burn just burn just burn Burn rate, secs/in. 7.1 6.9 8.3 6.9 6.9 Bulk Density 0.81 0.84 0.71 0.83 0.77 Moisture, wt. % 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 Ballistics 80 gr. vol. Lo velocity, fps 1923 1909 1561 1799 1741 Hi velocity, fps 1953 1958 1691 1888 1856 ES velocity, fps 30 49 130 89 115 Av velocity, fps 1937 1931 1638 1855 1817 SD velocity, fps 11 19 48 34 47 TTP, ms. 0.7 0.7 1 0.9 0.5 Pressure, psi max. 12400 7400 11900 8200 16900 Fouler pressure, psi 10400 5200 5800 5400 13000 Chemical Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Formula #136 #148 #152 #155 #140 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % Carbon Black C 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Charcoal C 3 3 3 3 3 Dextrin C₆H₁₀O₅ 6 6 6 6 6 Dicyanodiamide C₂H₄N₄ Graphite C Lactose C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate C₇H₄NO₄Na Potassium Nitrate KNO₃ 27.1 37.2 31.2 35.2 28.2 Potassium Perchlorate KClO₄ 36.2 27.2 32.6 29 35 Sodium Benzoate C₇H₅NaO₂ 15.6 14.5 15.1 14.7 15 Potassium Benzoate C₇H₅KO₂ Sodium Gluconate C₆H₁₁NaO₇ 11.2 11.2 11.2 11.2 11.9 Potassium Gluconate C₆H₁₁KO₇ Sulfur S Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 TOTAL 100 100 100 100 100 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % Ammonium Carbonate (NH₄)₂CO₃ Carbon Dioxide CO₂ Carbon Monoxide CO 34.3 31.1 32.9 31.9 34.3 Hydrogen Sulfide H₂S Methane CH₄ Nitrogen N₂ 3.8 5.2 4.3 4.9 3.9 Potassium Carbonate K₂CO₃ 29.5 35.9 32.3 34.6 30 Potassium Thiocyanate KCNS Potassium Sulfate K₂SO₄ Potassium Thiosulfate K₂S₂O₃ Potassium Sulfide K₂S Potassium Chloride KCl 7.6 3.4 5.7 4.2 7.2 Sodium Carbonate Na₂CO₃ Sodium Chloride NaCl 9.4 8.9 9.2 8.9 9.2 Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 Water H₂O 13.4 13.4 13.4 13.4 13.4 Ash or Unburned Carbon C 1.6 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.5 TOTAL 100 100.1 99.9 100 99.9 PERFORMANCE FACTORS Autoignition Temp, ° F. 680 730 710 730 700 Open tube burn burn fast just burn burn fast just burn burn fast Burn rate, secs/in. 6.7 7.7 7 6.8 6.3 Bulk Density 0.83 0.81 0.83 0.84 0.84 Moisture, wt. % 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.8 Ballistics 80 gr. vol. Lo velocity, fps 1918 1762 1931 1794 1983 Hi velocity, fps 2123 1795 2026 1808 2010 ES velocity, fps 205 33 95 14 27 Av velocity, fps 2030 1781 1994 1800 1999 SD velocity, fps 86 14 39 5 10 TTP, ms. 0.6 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.7 Pressure, psi max. 17000 6300 11800 6700 15800 Fouler pressure, psi 15100 4300 13000 5400 14900 Chemical Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Formula #661 #143 #88 #87 #678 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % Carbon Black C 0.33 0.5 0.5 0.5 Charcoal C 3.15 3 5.70 Dextrin C₆H₁₀O₅ 6.00 6 6 4 Dicyanodiamide C₂H₄N₄ Graphite C Lactose C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate C₇H₄NO₄Na Potassium Nitrate KNO₃ 31.15 29.3 19.6 20 34.00 Potassium Perchlorate KClO₄ 32.55 33.6 42.4 43.3 32.60 Sodium Benzoate C₇H₅NaO₂ 14.00 14.5 18.1 18.5 11.00 Potassium Benzoate C₇H₅KO₂ Sodium Gluconate C₆H₁₁NaO₇ 12.43 12.7 13 13.3 16.30 Potassium Gluconate C₆H₁₁KO₇ Sulfur S Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 0.40 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.40 TOTAL 100.00 100 100 100 100.00 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % Ammonium Carbonate (NH₄)₂CO₃ Carbon Dioxide CO₂ 0.8 10.30 Carbon Monoxide CO 33.90 34.2 34.9 34.9 23.40 Hydrogen Sulfide H₂S Methane CH₄ Nitrogen N₂ 4.30 4.1 2.7 2.8 4.70 Potassium Carbonate K₂CO₃ 32.00 30.9 26.3 26.5 33.70 Potassium Thiocyanate KCNS Potassium Sulfate K₂SO₄ Potassium Thiosulfate K₂S₂O₃ Potassium Sulfide K₂S Potassium Chloride KCl 6.10 6.3 8.8 9.5 6.10 Sodium Carbonate Na₂CO₃ Sodium Chloride NaCl 8.90 9.2 10.9 10.9 8.90 Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 0.40 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.40 Water H₂O 13.40 13.4 15.2 14.3 10.70 Ash or Unburned Carbon C 1.00 1.5 1.80 TOTAL 100.00 100 99.2 100.1 100.00 PERFORMANCE FACTORS Autoignition Temp, ° F. 750 720 700 690 670 Open tube burn just burn just burn just burn fast just burn fast just burn Burn rate, secs/in. 8.3 6.8 6.7 6.5 7.6 Bulk Density 0.84 0.84 0.83 0.79 0.72 Moisture, wt. % 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 Ballistics 80 gr. vol. Lo velocity, fps 1908 1990 1547 1753 1653 Hi velocity, fps 1933 2072 1951 2025 1700 ES velocity, fps 25 82 289 272 47 Av velocity, fps 1919 2020 1786 1854 1673 SD velocity, fps 11 31 120 148 18 TTP, ms. 0.7 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.5 Pressure, psi max. 11100 12800 23600 21200 19100 Fouler pressure, psi 10200 12000 23800 19700 19100 Chemical Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Formula #98 #103 #105 #116 #99 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % Carbon Black C 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Charcoal C Dextrin C₆H₁₀O₅ 6 6 6 6 6 Dicyanodiamide C₂H₄N₄ Graphite C Lactose C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate C₇H₄NO₄Na Potassium Nitrate KNO₃ 25.1 28 29.4 30.7 Potassium Perchlorate KClO₄ 35.8 32.5 30.9 60.3 29.3 Sodium Benzoate C₇H₅NaO₂ 15.4 14 13.3 13.3 12.6 Potassium Benzoate C₇H₅KO₂ Sodium Gluconate C₆H₁₁NaO₇ 16.8 18.6 19.5 19.5 20.5 Potassium Gluconate C₆H₁₁KO₇ Sulfur S Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 TOTAL 100 100 100 100 100 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % Ammonium Carbonate (NH₄)₂CO₃ Carbon Dioxide CO₂ 9.3 Carbon Monoxide CO 32.9 32.6 32.2 32.1 31 Hydrogen Sulfide H₂S Methane CH₄ Nitrogen N₂ 3.5 3.9 4.1 4.3 Potassium Carbonate K₂CO₃ 29.7 31.8 32.9 12.7 33.6 Potassium Thiocyanate KCNS Potassium Sulfate K₂SO₄ Potassium Thiosulfate K₂S₂O₃ Potassium Sulfide K₂S Potassium Chloride KCl 5.7 3.8 2.9 18.7 2.1 Sodium Carbonate Na₂CO₃ Sodium Chloride NaCl 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.7 Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 Water H₂O 16.1 16.1 16.1 16.1 17 Ash or Unburned Carbon C 0.8 0.7 TOTAL 99 100.1 100 100 99.1 PERFORMANCE FACTORS Autoignition Temp, ° F. 700 660 670 740 700 Open tube burn just burn just burn just burn burn fast just burn Burn rate, secs/in. 9.2 10.1 10.8 6.7 11 Bulk Density 0.84 0.85 0.84 0.88 0.83 Moisture, wt. % 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.8 Ballistics 80 gr. vol. Lo velocity, fps 1998 1909 1638 only 1475 Hi velocity, fps 2044 1942 1697 one 1603 ES velocity, fps 46 33 59 shot 128 Av velocity, fps 2021 1922 1667 2151 1537 SD velocity, fps 20 15 25 45 TTP, ms. 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.3 1 Pressure, psi max. 13000 9000 6200 34900 4900 Fouler pressure, psi 9000 4800 34900 3400 Chemical Ref Ref Ref Formula #89 #580 #670 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % Carbon Black C 0.5 Charcoal C Dextrin C₆H₁₀O₅ 6 6.00 Dicyanodiamide C₂H₄N₄ Graphite C Lactose C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate C₇H₄NO₄Na Potassium Nitrate KNO₃ 36.3 55.50 Potassium Perchlorate KClO₄ 22.8 62.00 Sodium Benzoate C₇H₅NaO₂ 9.8 Potassium Benzoate C₇H₅KO₂ Sodium Gluconate C₆H₁₁NaO₇ 24.2 31.60 44.10 Potassium Gluconate C₆H₁₁KO₇ Sulfur S Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 0.4 0.40 0.40 TOTAL 100 100.00 100.00 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % Ammonium Carbonate (NH₄)₂CO₃ Carbon Dioxide CO₂ 33.80 23.60 Carbon Monoxide CO 29.1 6.90 Hydrogen Sulfide H₂S Methane CH₄ Nitrogen N₂ 5 7.70 Potassium Carbonate K₂CO₃ 36.2 9.90 38.00 Potassium Thiocyanate KCNS Potassium Sulfate K₂SO₄ Potassium Thiosulfate K₂S₂O₃ Potassium Sulfide K₂S Potassium Chloride KCl 22.70 Sodium Carbonate Na₂CO₃ 0.7 10.70 Sodium Chloride NaCl 9.6 8.40 Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 0.4 0.40 0.40 Water H₂O 17.9 17.90 19.60 Ash or Unburned Carbon C TOTAL 98.9 100.00 100.0 PERFORMANCE FACTORS Autoignition Temp, ° F. 660 740 620 Open tube burn burn slow just burned slow burn Burn rate, secs/in. 12.7 8.3 13 Bulk Density 0.79 0.8 0.63 Moisture, wt. % 0.6 0.8 0.1 Ballistics 80 gr. vol. Lo velocity, fps 1100 1647 low Hi velocity, fps 1140 1847 ES velocity, fps 40 200 Av velocity, fps 1121 1783 SD velocity, fps 140 80 TTP, ms. 1.1 0.7-1.3 Pressure, psi max. 1600 8300 500 Fouler pressure, psi 900 3600

[0066] In the following Table 2 representative examples are shown of propellant formulations in which the sodium nitrobenzoate salt sodium meta-nitrobenzoate alone serves as the ignition aid for the oxidizing and reducing agents as indicated. TABLE 2 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate Formulations Chemical Mole Black Ref Ref Ref Formula Weight Powder #795 #791 #792 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % Carbon Black C 12.01 Charcoal C 12.01 15.00 5.6 5.7 5.7 Dextrin C₆H₁₀O₅ 162.14 8 5.8 6.8 Dicyanodiamide C₂H₄N₄ 84.08 4.9 6 5 Graphite C 12.01 Lactose C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ 360.31 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate C₇H₄NO₄Na 189.11 7.3 7.4 7.4 Potassium Nitrate KNO₃ 101.10 75.00 38.7 39.2 39.2 Potassium Perchlorate KClO₄ 138.55 29 29.4 29.4 Sodium Benzoate C₇H₅NaO₂ 144.11 6.1 6.1 6.1 Potassium Benzoate C₇H₅KO₂ 160.22 Sodium Gluconate C₆H₁₁NaO₇ 218.13 Potassium Gluconate C₆H₁₁KO₇ 234.24 Sulfur S 32.06 10.00 Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 310.20 0.4 0.4 0.4 TOTAL 100.00 100 100 100 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % Ammonium Carbonate (NH₄)₂CO₃ 96.11 0.97 Carbon Dioxide CO₂ 44.01 24.93 7.1 9.1 9.3 Carbon Monoxide CO 28.01 3.97 25.4 22.7 23 Hydrogen Sulfide H₂S 34.08 0.69 Methane CH₄ 16.04 0.49 Nitrogen N₂ 28.02 9.92 9.2 10 9.3 Potassium Carbonate K₂CO₃ 138.20 26.56 32 32.5 32.5 Potassium Thiocyanate KCNS 97.18 1.97 Potassium Sulfate K₂SO₄ 174.25 12.34 Potassium Thiosulfate K₂S₂O₃ 190.32 15.40 Potassium Sulfide K₂S 110.26 2.23 Potassium Chloride KCl 74.56 9.5 9.7 9.7 Sodium Carbonate Na₂CO₃ 105.99 0 Sodium Chloride NaCl 58.45 4.8 4.8 4.8 Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 310.20 0.4 0.4 0.4 Water H₂O 18.02 9.9 9.1 9.3 Ash or Unburned Carbon C 12.01 0.53 1.7 1.7 1.7 TOTAL 100.00 100 100 100 PERFORMANCE FACTORS Autoignition Temp, ° F. 580 800 840 800 Open tube burn just burn Burn rate, secs/in. 2.3 6.3 6.1 6.2 Bulk Density 1 0.76 0.75 0.72 Moisture, wt. % <0.5 0.7 1 0.8 Ballistics 80 gr. vol. Lo velocity, fps 1624 1869 1737 1739 Hi velocity, fps 1690 1948 1977 1857 ES velocity, fps 66 79 240 118 Av velocity, fps 1664 1911 1881 1792 SD velocity, fps 26 37 99 59 TTP, ms. 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.5 Pressure, psi max. 11000 11300 15800 17000 Fouler pressure, psi 7500 11200 9300 Chemial Ref Ref Ref Ref Formula #783 #694 #825 #824 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % Carbon Black C Charcoal C 5.7 4 Dextrin C₆H₁₀O₅ 5.9 3.5 Dicyanodiamide C₂H₄N₄ 5 Graphite C Lactose C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ 8.5 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate C₇H₄NO₄Na 7.5 8 30.00 40.00 Potassium Nitrate KNO₃ 39.6 39.4 59.60 Potassium Perchlorate KClO₄ 29.7 30.7 69.60 Sodium Benzoate C₇H₅NaO₂ 6.2 5.5 Potassium Benzoate C₇H₅KO₂ Sodium Gluconate C₆H₁₁NaO₇ Potassium Gluconate C₆H₁₁KO₇ Sulfur S Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 0.4 0.4 0.40 0.40 TOTAL 100 100.0 100.00 100.00 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % Ammonium Carbonate (NH₄)₂CO₃ Carbon Dioxide CO₂ 11.2 18.6 45.40 Carbon Monoxide CO 21 15.7 28.00 Hydrogen Sulfide H₂S Methane CH₄ Nitrogen N₂ 9.4 6.1 2.20 11.20 Potassium Carbonate K₂CO₃ 32.7 32.5 11.00 40.60 Potassium Thiocyanate KCNS Potassium Sulfate K₂SO₄ Potassium Thiosulfate K₂S₂O₃ Potassium Sulfide K₂S Potassium Chloride KCl 9.9 10.5 25.50 Sodium Carbonate Na₂CO₃ 0 11.30 Sodium Chloride NaCl 4.8 4.8 9.40 Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 0.4 0.4 0.40 0.40 Water H₂O 8.8 10.2 5.60 7.50 Ash or Unburned Carbon C 1.8 1.2 TOTAL 100 100.0 99.5 99.0 PERFORMANCE FACTORS Autoignition Temp, ° F. 860 750 780 740 Open tube burn fast (693-) bvf. prop. 9′ just burn Burn rate, secs/in. 6.9 6 4.2 4.4 Bulk Density 0.77 0.83 0.72 0.5 Moisture, wt. % 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.9 Ballistics 80 gr. vol. Lo velocity, fps 1867 1907 1211 794 Hi velocity, fps 1955 1924 1461 853 ES velocity, fps 88 17 250 59 Av velocity, fps 1931 1914 1320 825 SD velocity, fps 36 7 127 29 TTP, ms. 0.6 0.7 0.1 0.2 Pressure, psi max. 14000 10200 22900 2000 Fouler pressure, psi 7600 8600 21000

[0067] In the following Table 3 representative examples are shown of propellant formulations in which a mixture of a gluconic acid salt and a sodium nitrobenzoate salt serves as the ignition aid for the oxidizing and reducing agents as indicated. TABLE 3 Gluconate with Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate Formulations Chemical Mole Black Ref Ref Ref Formula Weight Powder #781 #692 #784 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % Carbon Black C 12.01 Charcoal C 12.01 15.00 6.7 7 5.7 Dextrin C₆H₁₀O₅ 162.14 5.4 3.5 4.4 Dicyanodiamide C₂H₄N₄ 84.08 5 5 Graphite C 12.01 Lactose C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ 360.31 4 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate C₇H₄NO₄Na 189.11 8.5 8 7.5 Potassium Nitrate KNO₃ 101.10 75.00 38 39.4 39.6 Potassium Perchlorate KClO₄ 138.55 29.6 30.7 29.6 Sodium Benzoate C₇H₅NaO₂ 144.11 5.2 5.5 6.2 Potassium Benzoate C₇H₅KO₂ 160.22 Sodium Gluconate C₆H₁₁NaO₇ 218.13 1.2 1.5 1.6 Potassium Gluconate C₆H₁₁KO₇ 234.24 Sulfur S 32.06 10.00 Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 310.20 0.4 0.4 0.4 TOTAL 100.00 100 100.0 100 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % Ammonium Carbonate (NH₄)₂CO₃ 96.11 0.97 Carbon Dioxide CO₂ 44.01 24.93 8 16.8 11.4 Carbon Monoxide CO 28.01 3.97 25 18.2 20.4 Hydrogen Sulfide H₂S 34.08 0.69 Methane CH₄ 16.04 0.49 Nitrogen N₂ 28.02 9.92 9.2 6.1 9.4 Potassium Carbonate K₂CO₃ 138.20 26.56 31.8 32.9 33.2 Potassium Thiocyanate KCNS 97.18 1.97 Potassium Sulfate K₂SO₄ 174.25 12.34 Potassium Thiosulfate K₂S₂O₃ 190.32 15.40 Potassium Sulfide K₂S 110.26 2.23 Potassium Chloride KCl 74.56 9.5 10.1 9.3 Sodium Carbonate Na₂CO₃ 105.99 Sodium Chloride NaCl 58.45 5.1 5.1 5.3 Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 310.20 0.4 0.4 0.4 Water H₂O 18.02 8.9 8.2 8.8 Ash or Unburned Carbon C 12.01 0.53 2.1 2.2 1.8 TOTAL 100.00 100 100.0 100 PERFORMANCE FACTORS Autoignition Temp, ° F. 580 780 750 820 Open tube burn just burn fast Burn rate, secs/in. 2.3 6.3 5.1 7.2 Bulk Density 1 0.77 0.81 0.74 Moisture, wt. % <0.5 0.8 0.9 0.8 Ballistics 80 gr. vol. Lo velocity, fps 1624 1851 1914 1779 Hi velocity, fps 1690 1896 1968 1894 ES velocity, fps 66 45 54 115 Av velocity, fps 1664 1873 1935 1840 SD velocity, fps 26 19 20 43 TTP, ms. 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.6 Pressure, psi max. 11000 10400 11800 16800 Fouler pressure, psi 8100 9000 7800 Chemical Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Formula #810A #806 #804 #807 #808 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % Carbon Black C Charcoal C 5.58 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6 Dextrin C₆H₁₀O₅ 5.78 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 Dicyanodiamide C₂H₄N₄ 4.88 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 Graphite C 0.35 Lactose C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate C₇H₄NO₄Na 3.29 2.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 Potassium Nitrate KNO₃ 39.57 38.7 38.7 39.7 39.7 Potassium Perchlorate KClO₄ 27.90 29 29 29 28 Sodium Benzoate C₇H₅NaO₂ 10.06 11.1 10.1 9.1 10.1 Potassium Benzoate C₇H₅KO₂ Sodium Gluconate C₆H₁₁NaO₇ 2.19 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 Potassium Gluconate C₆H₁₁KO₇ Sulfur S Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 0.40 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 TOTAL 100.00 100 100 100 100 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % Ammonium Carbonate (NH₄)₂CO₃ Carbon Dioxide CO₂ 2.2 3.6 7.1 3 Carbon Monoxide CO 29.4 28.1 24.4 28.5 Hydrogen Sulfide H₂S Methane CH₄ Nitrogen N₂ 8.8 8.9 9 9 Potassium Carbonate K₂CO₃ 33.2 33.1 33.5 33.5 Potassium Thiocyanate KCNS Potassium Sulfate K₂SO₄ Potassium Thiosulfate K₂S₂O₃ Potassium Sulfide K₂S Potassium Chloride KCl 8.2 8.3 8.7 8.2 Sodium Carbonate Na₂CO₃ Sodium Chloride NaCl 5.8 5.7 5.4 5.5 Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 Water H₂O 10.3 10.2 9.8 10.2 Ash or Unburned Carbon C 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 TOTAL 100 100 100 100 PERFORMANCE FACTORS Autoignition Temp, ° F. 800 810 820 800 Open tube burn Burn rate, secs/in. 7.1 7.6 7.1 7.2 Bulk Density 0.84 0.81 0.8 0.82 Moisture, wt. % 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.9 Ballistics 80 gr. vol. Lo velocity, fps 1870 1868 1891 1907 1849 Hi velocity, fps 1930 1902 1929 1972 1909 ES velocity, fps 60 34 38 65 60 Av velocity, fps 1908 1883 1913 1952 1885 SD velocity, fps 24 15 20 26 22 TTP, ms. 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 Pressure, psi max. 10300 10000 11200 12000 9900 Fouler pressure, psi 6400 7100 8000 7400 6600 Chemical Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Formula #803 #799 #802 #801 #789 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % Carbon Black C Charcoal C 5.6 3 5.6 5.6 5.5 Dextrin C₆H₁₀O₅ 5.8 6 5.8 5.8 6.8 Dicyanodiamide C₂H₄N₄ 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 Graphite C Lactose C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate C₇H₄NO₄Na 4.3 5 5.3 6.3 7.2 Potassium Nitrate KNO₃ 38.7 38.7 38.7 38.7 38.3 Potassium Perchlorate KClO₄ 29 29 29 29 28.7 Sodium Benzoate C₇H₅NaO₂ 9.1 10.8 8.1 7.1 6 Potassium Benzoate C₇H₅KO₂ Sodium Gluconate C₆H₁₁NaO₇ 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 Potassium Gluconate C₆H₁₁KO₇ Sulfur S Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 TOTAL 100 100 100 100 100 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % Ammonium Carbonate (NH₄)₂CO₃ Carbon Dioxide CO₂ 4.7 5.2 6 6.9 6.6 Carbon Monoxide CO 27.2 25.8 25.9 25.3 25.6 Hydrogen Sulfide H₂S Methane CH₄ Nitrogen N₂ 8.9 9 9 9.1 9.1 Potassium Carbonate K₂CO₃ 33.1 34.1 33.1 32.7 32.5 Potassium Thiocyanate KCNS Potassium Sulfate K₂SO₄ Potassium Thiosulfate K₂S₂O₃ Potassium Sulfide K₂S Potassium Chloride KCl 8.3 7.2 8.3 8.8 8.6 Sodium Carbonate Na₂CO₃ Sodium Chloride NaCl 5.7 6.6 5.7 5.3 5.3 Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 Water H₂O 10 10.8 9.9 9.8 10.2 Ash or Unburned Carbon C 1.7 0.9 1.7 1.7 1.7 TOTAL 100 100 100 100 100 PERFORMANCE FACTORS Autoignition Temp, ° F. 780 780 780 770 770 Open tube burn Burn rate, secs/in. 6.8 7.6 7.2 6.8 7.7 Bulk Density 0.79 0.78 0.78 0.77 0.8 Moisture, wt. % 0.9 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.8 Ballistics 80 gr. vol. Lo velocity, fps 1901 1896 1891 1859 1823 Hi velocity, fps 1988 1968 1912 1945 1866 ES velocity, fps 87 72 21 86 43 Av velocity, fps 1944 1942 1898 1902 1839 SD velocity, fps 37 30 8 24 15 TTP, ms. 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.6 Pressure, psi max. 13300 13100 10400 11600 8800 Fouler pressure, psi 8500 9800 7000 5800 7300 Chemical Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Formula #782 #788 #812 #786 #776 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % Carbon Black C Charcoal C 5.6 5.6 5.6 6.1 6.7 Dextrin C₆H₁₀O₅ 5.8 6.3 5.8 3.8 5.3 Dicyanodiamide C₂H₄N₄ 4.9 4.9 4.9 5.3 5 Graphite C Lactose C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate C₇H₄NO₄Na 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.9 8.4 Potassium Nitrate KNO₃ 38.7 38.4 38.7 38.7 37.5 Potassium Perchlorate KClO₄ 29 28.8 29 29 29.3 Sodium Benzoate C₇H₅NaO₂ 6.1 6.1 6.6 5.2 Potassium Benzoate C₇H₅KO₂ 6.1 Sodium Gluconate C₆H₁₁NaO₇ 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 Potassium Gluconate C₆H₁₁KO₇ Sulfur S Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 TOTAL 100 100 100 100 100 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % Ammonium Carbonate (NH₄)₂CO₃ Carbon Dioxide CO₂ 8 6.9 9.9 7.5 5.9 Carbon Monoxide CO 24.3 25.4 22.2 24.7 26.8 Hydrogen Sulfide H₂S Methane CH₄ Nitrogen N₂ 9.2 9.1 9.2 9.5 9.2 Potassium Carbonate K₂CO₃ 32.7 32.5 32.4 33 31.8 Potassium Thiocyanate KCNS Potassium Sulfate K₂SO₄ Potassium Thiosulfate K₂S₂O₃ Potassium Sulfide K₂S Potassium Chloride KCl 8.8 8.8 12 8.4 9.1 Sodium Carbonate Na₂CO₃ Sodium Chloride NaCl 5.3 5.3 2.8 5.6 5.3 Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 Water H₂O 9.6 9.9 9.4 9 9.4 Ash or Unburned Carbon C 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.9 2.1 TOTAL 100 100 100 100 100 PERFORMANCE FACTORS 40 grvol. Autoignition Temp, ° F. 800 780 780 810 780 Open tube burn fast, blk. fstr. Burn rate, secs/in. 4.9 7.3 6.7 7.1 7 Bulk Density 0.98 0.79 0.82 0.74 0.77 Moisture, wt. % 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.9 Ballistics 80 gr. vol. Lo velocity, fps 1676 1892 1975 1800 1871 Hi velocity, fps 1706 1931 2012 1868 1901 ES velocity, fps 30 39 37 68 30 Av velocity, fps 1695 1908 1986 1842 1890 SD velocity, fps 12 14 14 27 12 TTP, ms. 0.2 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.65 Pressure, psi max. 13100 10400 11800 12100 10500 Fouler pressure, psi 12600 8500 10000 8100 8400 Chemical Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Formula #800 #780 #809 #805 #815 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % Carbon Black C Charcoal C 3.3 6.5 5.6 5.6 6.6 Dextrin C₆H₁₀O₅ 6 5.2 5.8 5.8 4.8 Dicyanodiamide C₂H₄N₄ 5.4 4.8 3.9 4.9 5.9 Graphite C Lactose C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate C₇H₄NO₄Na 3 8.1 2.3 4.3 6.3 Potassium Nitrate KNO₃ 38.7 36.4 38.7 38.7 38.7 Potassium Perchlorate KClO₄ 29 28.4 29 29 29 Sodium Benzoate C₇H₅NaO₂ 11.8 7.1 11.1 8.1 5.1 Potassium Benzoate C₇H₅KO₂ Sodium Gluconate C₆H₁₁NaO₇ 2.4 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.2 Potassium Gluconate C₆H₁₁KO₇ Sulfur S Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 TOTAL 100 100 100 100 100 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % Ammonium Carbonate (NH₄)₂CO₃ Carbon Dioxide CO₂ 3.6 2.7 6 8.2 Carbon Monoxide CO 26.9 32.9 29.2 25.7 23.8 Hydrogen Sulfide H₂S Methane CH₄ Nitrogen N₂ 9.2 8.8 8.1 8.9 9.8 Potassium Carbonate K₂CO₃ 34.1 32 33.6 33.2 32 Potassium Thiocyanate KCNS Potassium Sulfate K₂SO₄ Potassium Thiosulfate K₂S₂O₃ Potassium Sulfide K₂S Potassium Chloride KCl 7.3 7.6 7.8 8.2 9.5 Sodium Carbonate Na₂CO₃ Sodium Chloride NaCl 6.4 6.1 6.1 5.7 4.8 Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 Water H₂O 11.1 10.2 10.4 10.2 9.5 Ash or Unburned Carbon C 1 2 1.7 1.7 2 TOTAL 100 100 100 100 100 PERFORMANCE FACTORS Autoignition Temp, ° F. 780 780 810 780 730 Open tube burn Burn rate, secs/in. 9.9 7 7.3 7.1 6 Bulk Density 0.75 0.8 0.82 0.76 0.75 Moisture, wt. % 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 Ballistics 80 gr. vol. Lo velocity, fps 1789 1762 1939 1854 1835 Hi velocity, fps 1865 1841 1985 1899 1908 ES velocity, fps 76 79 46 45 73 Av velocity, fps 1821 1816 1964 1879 1875 SD velocity, fps 29 31 21 18 26 TTP, ms. 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 Pressure, psi max. 15300 9200 12000 10700 10000 Fouler pressure, psi 7100 7500 8400 7100 6800 Chemical Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Formula #768 #761 #763 #765 #769 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % Carbon Black C Charcoal C 6.7 7.6 6.5 6.5 6.5 Dextrin C₆H₁₀O₅ 5.4 5.2 6.3 5.2 5.2 Dicyanodiamide C₂H₄N₄ 5 4.9 4.8 5.9 4.8 Graphite C Lactose C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate C₇H₄NO₄Na 7.3 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.2 Potassium Nitrate KNO₃ 37.6 36.8 36.8 36.8 38.2 Potassium Perchlorate KClO₄ 29.3 28.7 28.7 28.7 28.5 Sodium Benzoate C₇H₅NaO₂ 5.1 5 5.1 5.1 5 Potassium Benzoate C₇H₅KO₂ Sodium Gluconate C₆H₁₁NaO₇ 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 Potassium Gluconate C₆H₁₁KO₇ Sulfur S Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 TOTAL 100 100 100 100 100 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % Ammonium Carbonate (NH₄)₂CO₃ Carbon Dioxide CO₂ 6.9 2.5 3.4 2.6 6.8 Carbon Monoxide CO 25.9 30.8 29.5 29.7 25.9 Hydrogen Sulfide H₂S Methane CH₄ Nitrogen N₂ 9.1 9 8.9 9.6 9.1 Potassium Carbonate K₂CO₃ 31.6 31.4 31.8 31.8 32.3 Potassium Thiocyanate KCNS Potassium Sulfate K₂SO₄ Potassium Thiosulfate K₂S₂O₃ Potassium Sulfide K₂S Potassium Chloride KCl 9.3 8.6 8.2 8.2 8.6 Sodium Carbonate Na₂CO₃ Sodium Chloride NaCl 5.1 5.3 5.6 5.6 5.3 Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 Water H₂O 9.6 9.6 10.2 10.1 9.6 Ash or Unburned Carbon C 2.1 2.4 2 2 2 TOTAL 100 100 100 100 100 PERFORMANCE FACTORS Autoignition Temp, ° F. 780 790 800 780 780 Open tube burn Burn rate, secs/in. 6.9 6.7 7.2 7.2 6.9 Bulk Density 0.81 0.78 0.85 0.78 0.8 Moisture, wt. % 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.9 0.8 Ballistics 80 gr. vol. Lo velocity, fps 1848 1831 1839 1870 1840 Hi velocity, fps 1885 1914 1864 1929 1885 ES velocity, fps 37 83 25 59 45 Av velocity, fps 1867 1885 1849 1893 1863 SD velocity, fps 15 32 9 22 19 TTP, ms. 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.65 0.65 Pressure, psi max. 10400 10600 9200 11200 10300 Fouler pressure, psi 8100 7700 7600 8400 7700 Chemical Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Formula #771 #773 #793 #759 #762 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % Carbon Black C Charcoal C 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.6 5.6 Dextrin C₆H₁₀O₅ 5.2 5.3 6.3 5.3 5.4 Dicyanodiamide C₂H₄N₄ 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.9 5 Graphite C Lactose C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate C₇H₄NO₄Na 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.3 8.4 Potassium Nitrate KNO₃ 36.7 36.8 36.8 37.2 37.5 Potassium Perchlorate KClO₄ 30 28.7 28.7 29 29.3 Sodium Benzoate C₇H₅NaO₂ 5 6.1 5.1 5.1 5.2 Potassium Benzoate C₇H₅KO₂ Sodium Gluconate C₆H₁₁NaO₇ 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 Potassium Gluconate C₆H₁₁KO₇ Sulfur S Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 TOTAL 100 100 100 100 100 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % Ammonium Carbonate (NH₄)₂CO₃ Carbon Dioxide CO₂ 6.9 2.8 3.4 5.2 7.7 Carbon Monoxide CO 26.1 30.2 29.5 27.4 24.7 Hydrogen Sulfide H₂S Methane CH₄ Nitrogen N₂ 8.9 8.9 8.9 9 9.2 Potassium Carbonate K₂CO₃ 31.3 32.1 31.8 32.1 32.3 Potassium Thiocyanate KCNS Potassium Sulfate K₂SO₄ Potassium Thiosulfate K₂S₂O₃ Potassium Sulfide K₂S Potassium Chloride KCl 9.5 7.9 8.2 8.5 8.6 Sodium Carbonate Na₂CO₃ 0 Sodium Chloride NaCl 5.3 5.8 5.6 5.6 5.6 Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 Water H₂O 9.6 9.9 10.2 9.7 9.8 Ash or Unburned Carbon C 2 2 2 2.1 1.7 TOTAL 100 100 100 100 100 PERFORMANCE FACTORS Autoignition Temp, ° F. 790 790 800 800 Open tube burn Burn rate, secs/in. 6.8 7.1 6.8 6.4 7.3 Bulk Density 0.75 0.78 0.74 0.77 0.78 Moisture, wt. % 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 Ballistics 80 gr. vol. Lo velocity, fps 1818 1829 1823 1885 1882 Hi velocity, fps 1912 1850 1852 1948 1908 ES velocity, fps 94 21 29 63 26 Av velocity, fps 1873 1844 1841 1913 1896 SD velocity, fps 40 8 12 28 12 TTP, ms. 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.6 Pressure, psi max. 12900 9400 10400 10900 10400 Fouler pressure, psi 9200 7300 8000 8300 8500 Chemical Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Formula #764 #766 #770 #772 #774 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % Carbon Black C Charcoal C 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 Dextrin C₆H₁₀O₅ 4.3 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.3 Dicyanodiamide C₂H₄N₄ 5 3.9 5 5 5 Graphite C Lactose C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate C₇H₄NO₄Na 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 Potassium Nitrate KNO₃ 37.6 37.6 36.2 37.7 37.6 Potassium Perchlorate KClO₄ 29.3 29.3 29.5 28 29.3 Sodium Benzoate C₇H₅NaO₂ 5.1 5.1 5.2 5.2 4.1 Potassium Benzoate C₇H₅KO₂ Sodium Gluconate C₆H₁₁NaO₇ 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 Potassium Gluconate C₆H₁₁KO₇ Sulfur S Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 TOTAL 100 100 100 100 100 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % Ammonium Carbonate (NH₄)₂CO₃ Carbon Dioxide CO₂ 7.1 7.4 4.1 3.6 7.6 Carbon Monoxide CO 25.5 25.8 29 29.1 25.2 Hydrogen Sulfide H₂S Methane CH₄ Nitrogen N₂ 9.2 8.4 9 9.2 9.2 Potassium Carbonate K₂CO₃ 32.3 32.2 31.3 32.2 31.6 Potassium Thiocyanate KCNS Potassium Sulfate K₂SO₄ Potassium Thiosulfate K₂S₂O₃ Potassium Sulfide K₂S Potassium Chloride KCl 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.1 9.3 Sodium Carbonate Na₂CO₃ 0 Sodium Chloride NaCl 5.6 5.6 5.5 5.5 5.1 Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 Water H₂O 9.2 9.4 9.8 9.8 9.5 Ash or Unburned Carbon C 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 TOTAL 100 100 100 100 100 PERFORMANCE FACTORS Autoignition Temp, ° F. 790 780 780 780 790 Open tube burn Burn rate, secs/in. 7 5.8 7.1 7 6.8 Bulk Density 0.75 0.77 0.81 0.74 0.76 Moisture, wt. % 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8 Ballistics 80 gr. vol. Lo velocity, fps 1848 1924 1812 1788 1825 Hi velocity, fps 1919 1990 1850 1839 1931 ES velocity, fps 71 66 38 51 106 Av velocity, fps 1892 1960 1828 1815 1885 SD velocity, fps 26 28 15 24 35 TTP, ms. 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.6 Pressure, psi max. 10800 13400 9100 9300 10100 Fouler pressure, psi 8500 9200 7000 7700 6900 Chemical Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Formula #767 #779 #756 #758 #760 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % Carbon Black C Charcoal C 6.5 6.7 6.6 6.6 6.6 Dextrin C₆H₁₀O₅ 5.2 5.4 4.3 3.3 3.8 Dicyanodiamide C₂H₄N₄ 4.8 5 5 6 5.5 Graphite C Lactose C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate C₇H₄NO₄Na 9.3 6.3 8.4 8.4 8.4 Potassium Nitrate KNO₃ 36.8 38 37.6 37.6 37.6 Potassium Perchlorate KClO₄ 28.7 29.7 29.3 29.3 29.3 Sodium Benzoate C₇H₅NaO₂ 5.1 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.1 Potassium Benzoate C₇H₅KO₂ Sodium Gluconate C₆H₁₁NaO₇ 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 Potassium Gluconate C₆H₁₁KO₇ Sulfur S Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 TOTAL 100 100 100 100 100 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % Ammonium Carbonate (NH₄)₂CO₃ Carbon Dioxide CO₂ 3.8 8.5 6.9 6.6 6.9 Carbon Monoxide CO 29.1 24.1 25.7 25.5 25.4 Hydrogen Sulfide H₂S Methane CH₄ Nitrogen N₂ 9 9.1 9.2 9.8 9.5 Potassium Carbonate K₂CO₃ 32.2 31.6 32.3 32.3 32.3 Potassium Thiocyanate KCNS Potassium Sulfate K₂SO₄ Potassium Thiosulfate K₂S₂O₃ Potassium Sulfide K₂S Potassium Chloride KCl 7.8 9.9 8.6 8.6 8.6 Sodium Carbonate Na₃CO₃ Sodium Chloride NaCl 5.9 4.8 5.6 5.6 5.6 Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 Water H₂O 9.8 9.5 9.3 9.1 9.2 Ash or Unburned Carbon C 2 2.1 2 2.1 2.1 TOTAL 100 100 100 100 100 PERFORMANCE FACTORS Autoignition Temp, ° F. 770 780 790 800 810 Open tube burn Burn rate, secs/in. 6.5 6.6 6.6 6.9 6.6 Bulk Density 0.78 0.81 0.78 0.77 0.76 Moisture, wt. % 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.8 Ballistics 80 gr. vol. Lo velocity, fps 1826 1858 1912 1811 1852 Hi velocity, fps 1893 1922 1950 1843 1923 ES velocity, fps 67 64 38 32 71 Av velocity, fps 1861 1895 1929 1827 1899 SD velocity, fps 25 27 18 14 28 TTP, ms. 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Pressure, psi max. 11000 10600 12200 10400 10900 Fouler pressure, psi 7700 6000 8300 8900 8100 Chemical Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Formula #755 #757 #778 #730 #723 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % Carbon Black C Charcoal C 6.7 6.7 4.6 5.7 6.5 Dextrin C₆H₁₀O₅ 3.3 3.3 5.4 3.5 3.5 Dicyanodiamide C₂H₄N₄ 5 6 5 5 Graphite C Lactose C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ 3.7 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate C₇H₄NO₄Na 8.5 8.5 8.5 7.3 4.6 Potassium Nitrate KNO₃ 38 37.4 38 39.4 40.5 Potassium Perchlorate KClO₄ 29.6 29.2 29.5 30.7 31.5 Sodium Benzoate C₇H₅NaO₂ 5.2 5.2 5.3 4.4 5.1 Potassium Benzoate C₇H₅KO₂ Sodium Gluconate C₆H₁₁NaO₇ 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.6 4.2 Potassium Gluconate C₆H₁₁KO₇ Sulfur S Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 TOTAL 100 100 100 100 100.0 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % Ammonium Carbonate (NH₄)₂CO₃ Carbon Dioxide CO₂ 8.8 6 10.2 17.3 23.1 Carbon Monoxide CO 23.9 26.2 21.9 14.6 11.2 Hydrogen Sulfide H₂S Methane CH₄ Nitrogen N₂ 9.2 9.8 9.2 9.3 6 Potassium Carbonate K₂CO₃ 32.5 32 32.7 32.9 33 Potassium Thiocyanate KCNS Potassium Sulfate K₂SO₄ Potassium Thiosulfate K₂S₂O₃ Potassium Sulfide K₂S Potassium Chloride KCl 8.8 8.8 8.7 10.1 11.2 Sodium Carbonate Na₂CO₃ Sodium Chloride NaCl 5.6 5.5 5.6 5.1 4.6 Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 Water H₂O 8.7 9.2 9.9 8.5 8.5 Ash or Unburned Carbon C 2.1 2.1 1.4 1.8 2 TOTAL 100 100 100 100 100.0 PERFORMANCE FACTORS Autoignition Temp, ° F. 800 800 790 800 720 Open tube burn Burn rate, secs/in. 6.8 7.4 7.2 6.8 6.3 Bulk Density 0.78 0.74 0.79 0.81 0.83 Moisture, wt. % 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.7 Ballistics 80 gr. vol. Lo velocity, fps 1846 1747 1854 1902 1901 Hi velocity, fps 1922 1801 1896 1947 1940 ES velocity, fps 76 54 41 45 39 Av velocity, fps 1902 1778 1879 1928 1921 SD velocity, fps 31 24 16 19 17 TTP, ms. 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8 Pressure, psi max. 13100 9600 9800 10900 9700 Fouler pressure, psi 10500 6800 7600 9000 6200 Chemical Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Formula #794 #775 #729A #747A #729 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % Carbon Black C Charcoal C 5.6 6.5 6.68 6.68 6.7 Dextrin C₆H₁₀O₅ 3.8 5.3 3.29 3.29 3.3 Dicyanodiamide C₂H₄N₄ 4.9 4.8 4.98 2.49 5 Graphite C 0.35 0.35 Lactose C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate C₇H₄NO₄Na 7.3 8.2 8.47 8.47 8.5 Potassium Nitrate KNO₃ 38.7 36.8 37.27 37.27 37.4 Potassium Perchlorate KClO₄ 29 28.7 29.10 29.10 29.2 Sodium Benzoate C₇H₅NaO₂ 6.1 5.1 5.18 7.67 5.2 Potassium Benzoate C₇H₅KO₂ Sodium Gluconate C₆H₁₁NaO₇ 4.2 4.2 4.28 4.28 4.3 Potassium Gluconate C₆H₁₁KO₇ Sulfur S Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 0.4 0.4 0.40 0.40 0.4 TOTAL 100 100 100.00 100.00 100 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % Ammonium Carbonate (NH₄)₂CO₃ Carbon Dioxide CO₂ 9.3 4.1 5.2 6.7 Carbon Monoxide CO 22.6 28.6 28.4 26 Hydrogen Sulfide H₂S Methane CH₄ Nitrogen N₂ 9.2 8.9 7.5 9.1 Potassium Carbonate K₂CO₃ 33.4 32.2 33.7 32.4 Potassium Thiocyanate KCNS Potassium Sulfate K₂SO₄ Potassium Thiosulfate K₂S₂O₃ Potassium Sulfide K₂S Potassium Chloride KCl 8 7.8 6.9 8.3 Sodium Carbonate Na₂CO₃ 0 Sodium Chloride NaCl 5.9 5.9 6.9 5.8 Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 Water H₂O 9.5 10.1 8.9 9.2 Ash or Unburned Carbon C 1.7 2 2.1 2.1 TOTAL 100 100 100 100 PERFORMANCE FACTORS Autoignition Temp, ° F. 810 780 820 Open tube burn Burn rate, secs/in. 6.9 7.2 6.3 Bulk Density 0.76 0.79 0.77 Moisture, wt. % 0.8 0.8 0.9 Ballistics 80 gr. vol. Lo velocity, fps 1826 1795 1789 Hi velocity, fps 1865 1843 1899 ES velocity, fps 39 48 110 Av velocity, fps 1843 1830 1849 SD velocity, fps 15 19 39 TTP, ms. 0.6 0.7 0.6 Pressure, psi max. 10000 9200 10600 Fouler pressure, psi 9500 6900 6700 Chemical Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Formula #747 #737A #688 #687 #697 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % Carbon Black C Charcoal C 6.7 6.98 7 7 11.6 Dextrin C₆H₁₀O₅ 3.3 4.98 3.5 3.5 3.5 Dicyanodiamide C₂H₄N₄ 2.5 2.49 Graphite C 0.35 Lactose C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ 4 4 4 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate C₇H₄NO₄Na 8.5 4.98 2 5.0 5 Potassium Nitrate KNO₃ 37.4 39.26 39.4 39.4 39.4 Potassium Perchlorate KClO₄ 29.2 30.60 30.7 30.7 26.1 Sodium Benzoate C₇H₅NaO₂ 7.7 5.48 8.5 5.5 5.5 Potassium Benzoate C₇H₅KO₂ Sodium Gluconate C₆H₁₁NaO₇ 4.3 4.48 4.5 4.5 4.5 Potassium Gluconate C₆H₁₁KO₇ Sulfur S Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 0.4 0.40 0.4 0.4 0.4 TOTAL 100 100.00 100.0 100.0 100.0 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % Ammonium carbonate (NH₄)₂CO₃ Carbon Dioxide CO₂ 5.2 12.9 17.9 Carbon Monoxide CO 28.4 20.9 16.8 35.6 Hydrogen Sulfide H₂S Methane CH₄ Nitrogen N₂ 7.5 5.6 5.8 5.8 Potassium Carbonate K₂CO₃ 33.7 33 32.8 33 Potassium Thiocyanate KCNS Potassium Sulfate K₂SO₄ Potassium Thiosulfate K₂S₂O₃ Potassium Sulfide K₂S Potassium Chloride KCl 6.9 9.9 10.1 7.5 Sodium Carbonate Na₂CO₃ Sodium Chloride NaCl 6.9 5.3 5.1 5.1 Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 Water H₂O 8.9 9.8 8.9 9 Ash or Unburned Carbon C 2.1 2.2 2.2 3.6 TOTAL 100 100.0 100.0 100.0 PERFORMANCE FACTORS Autoignition Temp, ° F. 800 710 700 680 Open tube burn fast fast fast Burn rate, secs/in. 6.5 6.5 5.7 5.3 Bulk Density 0.75 0.81 0.85 0.8 Moisture, wt. % 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.9 Ballistics 80 gr. vol. Lo velocity, fps 1846 1849 1829 1661 Hi velocity, fps 1873 1890 1898 1692 ES velocity, fps 27 41 69 31 Av velocity, fps 1858 1874 1871 1675 SD velocity, fps 10 15 29 11 TTP, ms. 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 Pressure, psi max. 11100 10200 10200 7300 Fouler pressure, psi 9200 7200 6400 5400 Chemical Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Formula #698 #699 #720 #732 #735 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % Carbon Black C Charcoal C 7 7 7 7 9.5 Dextrin C₆H₁₀O₅ 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 5 Dicyanodiamide C₂H₄N₄ Graphite C Lactose C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ 4 4 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate C₇H₄NO₄Na 5 5 5 5 5 Potassium Nitrate KNO₃ 42.4 43.4 37.4 39.4 39.4 Potassium Perchlorate KClO₄ 27.7 30.7 32.7 30.7 30.7 Sodium Benzoate C₇H₅NaO₂ 5.5 5.5 5.5 9.5 5.5 Potassium Benzoate C₇H₅KO₂ Sodium Gluconate C₆H₁₁NaO₇ 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 Potassium Gluconate C₆H₁₁KO₇ Sulfur S Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 TOTAL 100.0 100 100.0 100 100 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % Ammonium Carbonate (NH₄)₂CO₃ Carbon Dioxide CO₂ 15.9 27.2 17.9 13.5 14.8 Carbon Monoxide CO 17.8 6.4 17.2 20.8 20.4 Hydrogen Sulfide H₂S Methane CH₄ Nitrogen N₂ 6.2 6.4 5.6 5.8 5.8 Potassium Carbonate K₂CO₃ 35 35.5 31.4 34.6 32.9 Potassium Thiocyanate KCNS Potassium Sulfate K₂SO₄ Potassium Thiosulfate K₂S₂O₃ Potassium Sulfide K₂S Potassium Chloride KCl 8.4 10.1 11.2 8.2 10.1 Sodium Carbonate Na₂CO₃ Sodium Chloride NaCl 5.1 5.1 5.1 6.6 5.1 Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 Water H₂O 9 6.7 9 7.9 7.5 Ash or Unburned Carbon C 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 3 TOTAL 100.0 100 100.0 100 100 PERFORMANCE FACTORS Autoignition Temp, ° F. 700 760 730 730 720 Open tube burn Burn rate, secs/in. 6.5 6.3 6.2 or 7.1? 4.9 5.2 Bulk Density 0.81 0.83 0.82 0.79 0.77 Moisture, wt. % 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.8 Ballistics 80 gr. vol. Lo velocity, fps 1745 1953 1956 1931 1937 Hi velocity, fps 1816 1991 2008 2017 2006 ES velocity, fps 71 38 52 86 69 Av velocity, fps 1786 1976 1998 1979 1969 SD velocity, fps 25 15 22 41 27 TTP, ms. 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 Pressure, psi max. 8200 11600 11700 15800 13000 Fouler pressure, psi 4900 7500 9200 10200 8500 Chemical Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Formula #737 #743 #746 #726 #731 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % Carbon Black C Charcoal C 7 7 7 7 7 Dextrin C₆H₁₀O₅ 5 4.2 5 3 5 Dicyanodiamide C₂H₄N₄ 2.5 1.3 2.5 Graphite C Lactose C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ 4 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate C₇H₄NO₄Na 5 5 5 5.5 7.5 Potassium Nitrate KNO₃ 39.4 41.4 37.2 39.4 39.4 Potassium Perchlorate KClO₄ 30.7 30.7 28.9 30.7 30.7 Sodium Benzoate C₇H₅NaO₂ 5.5 5.5 9.5 5.5 5.5 Potassium Benzoate C₇H₅KO₂ Sodium Gluconate C₆H₁₁NaO₇ 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 Potassium Gluconate C₆H₁₁KO₇ Sulfur S Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 TOTAL 100 100 100 100.0 100 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % Ammonium Carbonate (NH₄)₂CO₃ Carbon Dioxide CO₂ 15.9 21.2 1.2 17.5 Carbon Monoxide CO 17.3 12 32.2 17.1 Hydrogen Sulfide H₂S Methane CH₄ Nitrogen N₂ 7.5 7 7.2 6 Potassium Carbonate K₂CO₃ 32.9 34.3 33.1 33.8 Potassium Thiocyanate KCNS Potassium Sulfate K₂SO₄ Potassium Thiosulfate K₂S₂O₃ Potassium Sulfide K₂S Potassium Chloride KCl 10.1 10 7.2 9.1 Sodium Carbonate Na₂CO₃ Sodium Chloride NaCl 5.1 5.2 6.6 5.9 Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 Water H₂O 8.6 7.7 9.9 8 Ash or Unburned Carbon C 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 TOTAL 100 100 100 0.0 100 PERFORMANCE FACTORS Autoignition Temp, ° F. 790 760 820 710 730 Open tube burn Burn rate, secs/in. 7.5 7.4 7.2 6.7 5.1 Bulk Density 0.82 0.83 0.82 0.8 0.83 Moisture, wt. % 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.8 Ballistics 80 gr. vol. Lo velocity, fps 1880 1851 1859 1841 1971 Hi velocity, fps 1933 1888 1885 1910 2018 ES velocity, fps 53 37 26 69 47 Av velocity, fps 1908 1863 1878 1874 2002 SD velocity, fps 20 14 10 25 19 TTP, ms. 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.65 Pressure, psi max. 10200 8800 9900 10300 12700 Fouler pressure, psi 8000 6600 8500 7700 8400 Chemical Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Formula #691 #725 #733 #748 #706 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % Carbon Black C Charcoal C 4 7 7 6 7 Dextrin C₆H₁₀O₅ 3.5 3.5 3.5 4 3.5 Dicyanodiamide C₂H₄N₄ 2 Graphite C Lactose C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ 4 4 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate C₇H₄NO₄Na 8 9 9 10 10.5 Potassium Nitrate KNO₃ 39.4 39.4 40.4 35.9 39.4 Potassium Perchlorate KClO₄ 30.7 30.7 29.7 28.6 30.7 Sodium Benzoate C₇H₅NaO₂ 5.5 5.5 5.5 8.6 Potassium Benzoate C₇H₅KO₂ Sodium Gluconate C₆H₁₁NaO₇ 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 Potassium Gluconate C₆H₁₁KO₇ Sulfur S Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 TOTAL 100.0 100 100 100 100.0 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % Ammonium Carbonate (NH₄)₂CO₃ Carbon Dioxide CO₂ 20.6 18.4 17.9 0.5 24.2 Carbon Monoxide CO 13.4 16.5 16.8 33.5 11.1 Hydrogen Sulfide H₂S Methane CH₄ Nitrogen N₂ 6.1 6.1 6.3 7 6.2 Potassium Carbonate K₂CO₃ 33.8 34.1 34.8 33.7 32.3 Potassium Thiocyanate KCNS Potassium Sulfate K₂SO₄ Potassium Thiosulfate K₂S₂O₃ Potassium Sulfide K₂S Potassium Chloride KCl 9.1 8.8 8.1 5.5 10.7 Sodium Carbonate Na₂CO₃ Sodium Chloride NaCl 5.9 6.1 6.1 7.8 4.6 Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 Water H₂O 9.5 7.4 7.4 9.7 8.3 Ash or Unburned Carbon C 1.2 2.2 2.2 1.9 2.2 TOTAL 100.0 100 100 100 100.0 PERFORMANCE FACTORS Autoignition Temp, ° F. 720 720 720 780 750 Open tube burn fast fast Burn rate, secs/in. 5.3 5.5 5.3 6.3 5.2 Bulk Density 0.83 0.83 0.8 0.76 0.79 Moisture, wt. % 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.9 Ballistics 80 gr. vol. Lo velocity, fps 1997 1942 1891 1883 1759 Hi velocity, fps 2050 1972 1963 1910 1791 ES velocity, fps 53 50 72 27 32 Av velocity, fps 2020 1963 1937 1896 1773 SD velocity, fps 19 23 28 11 12 TTP, ms. 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 Pressure, psi max. 13000 12200 12500 12300 7800 Fouler pressure, psi 10900 8800 9700 12300 5400 Chemical Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Formula #744 #722 #745 #738 #753 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % Carbon Black C Charcoal C 7.3 7.5 7.6 7.6 9 Dextrin C₆H₁₀O₅ 5 3.5 5 5 4 Dicyanodiamide C₂H₄N₄ 1.5 1.5 1 Graphite C Lactose C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ 4.3 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate C₇H₄NO₄Na 5.2 5.4 5.4 8.1 5 Potassium Nitrate KNO₃ 39.4 38.3 38.4 38.3 39.4 Potassium Perchlorate KClO₄ 30.7 29.8 30.7 29.8 30.7 Sodium Benzoate C₇H₅NaO₂ 5.8 5.9 6.1 5.9 5.5 Potassium Benzoate C₇H₅KO₂ Sodium Gluconate C₆H₁₁NaO₇ 4.7 4.9 4.9 4.9 5 Potassium Gluconate C₆H₁₁KO₇ Sulfur S Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 TOTAL 100 100.0 100 100 100 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % Ammonium Carbonate (NH₄)₂CO₃ Carbon Dioxide CO₂ 16.2 11.5 12.9 11.8 14.8 Carbon Monoxide CO 17.7 23.5 21.4 23.3 19.9 Hydrogen Sulfide H₂S Methane CH₄ Nitrogen N₂ 6.8 5.7 6.7 5.9 6.5 Potassium Carbonate K₂CO₃ 33 32.4 32.3 33.4 32.7 Potassium Thiocyanate KCNS Potassium Sulfate K₂SO₄ Potassium Thiosulfate K₂S₂O₃ Potassium Sulfide K₂S Potassium Chloride KCl 9.9 9.2 9.9 8.3 10.3 Sodium Carbonate Na₂CO₃ Sodium Chloride NaCl 5.3 5.4 5.3 6.1 5 Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 Water H₂O 8.4 9.6 8.7 8.4 7.6 Ash or Unburned Carbon C 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.8 TOTAL 100 100.0 100 100 100 PERFORMANCE FACTORS Autoignition Temp, ° F. 760 710 760 720 760 Open tube burn Burn rate, secs/in. 6.8 6.1 6.4 5.6 6.4 Bulk Density 0.79 0.85 0.82 0.8 0.78 Moisture, wt. % 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 Ballistics 80 gr. vol. Lo velocity, fps 1856 1806 1845 1865 1858 Hi velocity, fps 1890 1845 1885 1885 1912 ES velocity, fps 34 39 40 20 54 Av velocity, fps 1875 1827 1861 1871 1882 SD velocity, fps 13 16 17 8 21 TTP, ms. 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.7 Pressure, psi max. 9300 9100 9200 10200 10400 Fouler pressure, psi 5700 6900 6800 7400 6800 Chemical Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Formula #736 #750 #754 #752A #752 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % Carbon Black C Charcoal C 8 6.7 7.7 7.97 8 Dextrin C₆H₁₀O₅ 5 3.3 3.3 3.99 4 Dicyanodiamide C₂H₄N₄ 1 1 1.00 1 Graphite C Lactose C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate C₇H₄NO₄Na 5 8.5 8.5 4.98 5 Potassium Nitrate KNO₃ 39.4 37.4 37.4 39.26 39.4 Potassium Perchlorate KClO₄ 30.7 29.2 29.2 30.59 30.7 Sodium Benzoate C₇H₅NaO₂ 6.3 7.7 6.7 5.48 5.5 Potassium Benzoate C₇H₅KO₂ Sodium Gluconate C₆H₁₁NaO₇ 5.2 5.8 5.8 5.98 6 Potassium Gluconate C₆H₁₁KO₇ Sulfur S Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.40 0.4 TOTAL 100 100 100 100.00 100 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % Ammonium Carbonate (NH₄)₂CO₃ Carbon Dioxide CO₂ 15.7 6.9 6.6 16.8 16.8 Carbon Monoxide CO 19.1 27.2 27.9 17.5 17.5 Hydrogen Sulfide H₂S Methane CH₄ Nitrogen N₂ 5.8 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 Potassium Carbonate K₂CO₃ 33.4 34.3 33.7 33 33 Potassium Thiocyanate KCNS Potassium Sulfate K₂SO₄ Potassium Thiosulfate K₂S₂O₃ Potassium Sulfide K₂S Potassium Chloride KCl 9.4 6.3 6.9 9.9 9.9 Sodium Carbonate Na₂CO₃ Sodium Chloride NaCl 5.6 7.4 6.9 5.3 5.3 Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 Water H₂O 8.1 8.9 8.7 8.1 8.1 Ash or Unburned Carbon C 2.5 2.1 2.4 2.5 2.5 TOTAL 100 100 100 100 100 PERFORMANCE FACTORS Autoignition Temp, ° F. 720 790 780 760 Open tube burn Burn rate, secs/in. 5.9 6 5.4 6.4 Bulk Density 0.8 0.8 0.76 0.81 Moisture, wt. % 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 Ballistics 80 gr. vol. Lo velocity, fps 1917 1866 1735 1926 Hi velocity, fps 1944 1952 1887 1941 ES velocity, fps 27 86 152 15 Av velocity, fps 1926 1917 1833 1935 SD velocity, fps 10 35 59 6 TTP, ms. 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.7 Pressure, psi max. 10800 12900 15200 11400 Fouler pressure, psi 7200 9800 8800 8700 Chemical Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Formula #707 #751 #749A #734 #749 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % Carbon Black C Charcoal C 7 6.7 6.98 7 7 Dextrin C₆H₁₀O₅ 3.5 3.3 3.99 5 4 Dicyanodiamide C₂H₄N₄ 1 1.00 1 Graphite C 0.35 Lactose C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ 4 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate C₇H₄NO₄Na 7.1 8.5 4.98 5 5 Potassium Nitrate KNO₃ 35.9 37.4 39.25 39.4 39.4 Potassium Perchlorate KClO₄ 28 29.2 30.59 30.7 30.7 Sodium Benzoate C₇H₅NaO₂ 7.8 6.7 5.48 5.5 5.5 Potassium Benzoate C₇H₅KO₂ Sodium Gluconate C₆H₁₁NaO₇ 6.3 6.8 6.98 7 7 Potassium Gluconate C₆H₁₁KO₇ Sulfur S Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 0.4 0.4 0.40 0.4 0.4 TOTAL 100.0 100 100.00 100 100 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % Ammonium Carbonate (NH₄)₂CO₃ Carbon Dioxide CO₂ 8.5 17.9 18.4 17.9 Carbon Monoxide CO 34.9 25.6 15.9 16 15.9 Hydrogen Sulfide H₂S Methane CH₄ Nitrogen N₂ 5.5 6.5 6.5 5.8 6.5 Potassium Carbonate K₂CO₃ 32.8 34.1 33.4 33.4 33.4 Potassium Thiocyanate KCNS Potassium Sulfate K₂SO₄ Potassium Thiosulfate K₂S₂O₃ Potassium Sulfide K₂S Potassium Chloride KCl 6.3 6.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 Sodium Carbonate Na₂CO₃ Sodium Chloride NaCl 7 7.2 5.6 5.6 5.6 Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 Water H₂O 10.9 9.1 8.6 8.7 8.6 Ash or Unburned Carbon C 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.2 TOTAL 100.0 100 100 100 100 PERFORMANCE FACTORS Autoignition Temp, ° F. 700 770 720 790 Open tube burn fast Burn rate, secs/in. 5.8 6 6.2 6.7 Bulk Density 0.8 0.8 0.84 0.79 Moisture, wt. % 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 Ballistics 80 gr. vol. Lo velocity, fps 1808 1877 1848 1862 Hi velocity, fps 1844 1929 1928 1916 ES velocity, fps 36 52 80 54 Av velocity, fps 1826 1910 1901 1886 SD velocity, fps 12 20 33 21 TTP, ms. 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.7 Pressure, psi max. 9600 12300 10400 10400 Fouler pressure, psi 7500 9300 6300 6200 (8100) Chemical Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref Formula #695 #693A #693 #728 #696 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % Carbon Black C Charcoal C 4 3.99 4 7 7 Dextrin C₆H₁₀O₅ 3.5 3.49 3.5 3 3.5 Dicyanodiamide C₂H₄N₄ Graphite C 0.35 Lactose C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ 4 4 Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate C₇H₄NO₄Na 5 7.97 8 8 5 Potassium Nitrate KNO₃ 39.4 39.26 39.4 39.4 39.4 Potassium Perchlorate KClO₄ 30.7 30.59 30.7 30.7 23.5 Sodium Benzoate C₇H₅NaO₂ 5.5 5.48 5.5 5.5 Potassium Benzoate C₇H₅KO₂ Sodium Gluconate C₆H₁₁NaO₇ 7.5 8.47 8.5 11.5 11.7 Potassium Gluconate C₆H₁₁KO₇ Sulfur S Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 0.4 0.40 0.4 0.4 0.4 TOTAL 100.0 100.00 100 100.0 100.0 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % Ammonium Carbonate (NH₄)₂CO₃ Carbon Dioxide CO₂ 21.7 22.5 26.8 Carbon Monoxide CO 11.8 11 7.6 33.4 Hydrogen Sulfide H₂S Methane CH₄ Nitrogen N₂ 5.8 6.1 6.1 5.8 Potassium Carbonate K₂CO₃ 33.7 35 33.4 35.2 Potassium Thiocyanate KCNS Potassium Sulfate K₂SO₄ Potassium Thiosulfate K₂S₂O₃ Potassium Sulfide K₂S Potassium Chloride KCl 9.1 7.8 9.5 3.8 Sodium Carbonate Na₂CO₃ Sodium Chloride NaCl 5.9 6.9 5.6 6.9 Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 Water H₂O 10.4 9.1 8.4 12.3 Ash or Unburned Carbon C 1.2 1.2 2.2 2.2 TOTAL 100.0 100 100.0 100.0 PERFORMANCE FACTORS Autoignition Temp, ° F. 720 710 760 660 Open tube burn just fast just burn burn Burn rate, secs/in. 6.7 5.7 6 6.6 Bulk Density 0.84 0.8 0.84 0.79 Moisture, wt. % 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.8 Ballistics 80 gr. vol. Lo velocity, fps 1848 1899 1610 1483 Hi velocity, fps 1888 1990 1676 1517 ES velocity, fps 40 91 66 34 Av velocity, fps 1874 1945 1650 1502 SD velocity, fps 16 39 27 12 TTP, ms. 0.7 0.65 0.9 0.9 Pressure, psi max. 9500 12600 5900 5000 Fouler pressure, psi 6100 9400 3200 3100 Chemical Ref Ref Ref Ref Formula #727 #811 #813 #814 RAW MATERIALS, wt. % Carbon Black C Charcoal C 4 5.6 5.6 6.6 Dextrin C₆H₁₀O₅ 3 5.8 5.8 4.8 Dicyanodiamide C₂H₄N₄ 4.9 4.9 5.9 Graphite C Lactose C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ Sodium m-Nitrobenzoate C₇H₄NO₄Na 8 7.3 7.3 6.3 Potassium Nitrate KNO₃ 39.4 38.7 38.7 38.7 Potassium Perchlorate KClO₄ 30.7 29 29 29 Sodium Benzoate C₇H₅NaO₂ 6.1 Potassium Benzoate C₇H₅KO₂ 6.1 5.1 Sodium Gluconate C₆H₁₁NaO₇ 14.5 Potassium Gluconate C₆H₁₁KO₇ 2.2 2.2 3.2 Sulfur S Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 TOTAL 100 100 100 100 COMBUSTION PRODUCTS, wt. % Ammonium Carbonate (NH₄)₂CO₃ Carbon Dioxide CO₂ 31.3 9.6 8.2 8 Carbon Monoxide CO 2 22.3 23.9 23.6 Hydrogen Sulfide H₂S Methane CH₄ Nitrogen N₂ 6.1 9.2 9.2 9.8 Potassium Carbonate K₂CO₃ 34.5 32.5 32.7 32.4 Potassium Thiocyanate KCNS Potassium Sulfate K₂SO₄ Potassium Thiosulfate K₂S₂O₃ Potassium Sulfide K₂S Potassium Chloride KCl 8.4 12.6 9.5 10.3 Sodium Carbonate Na₂CO₃ Sodium Chloride NaCl 6.4 2.3 4.8 4.1 Tricalcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂ 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 Water H₂O 9.7 9.4 9.6 9.4 Ash or Unburned Carbon C 1.2 1.7 1.7 2 TOTAL 100 100 100 100 PERFORMANCE FACTORS Autoignition Temp, ° F. 760 790 780 820 Open tube burn Burn rate, secs/in. 6.4 6.8 7.3 6.9 Bulk Density 0.85 0.85 0.79 0.83 Moisture, wt. % 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.8 Ballistics 80 gr. vol. Lo velocity, fps 1426 1947 1762 1904 Hi velocity, fps 1466 2030 1815 1945 ES velocity, fps 40 83 83 41 Av velocity, fps 1449 1995 1786 1924 SD velocity, fps 14 33 20 16 TTP, ms. 0.9 0.6 0.7 0.6 Pressure, psi max. 3500 12600 9300 10400 Fouler pressure, psi 1900 8500 6700 7600

[0068] From the foregoing it will be seen that this invention is one well adapted to attain all the ends and objects hereinabove set forth, together with the other advantages which are obvious and which are inherent to the invention.

[0069] It will be understood that certain features and subcombinations are of utility and may be employed without reference to other features and subcombinations. This is contemplated by and is within the scope of the claims.

[0070] Since many possible embodiments may be made of the invention without departing from the scope thereof, it is understood that all matter herein set forth is to be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense. 

Having thus described our invention, we claim:
 1. A sulfur replacement composition for deflagrating gas generating formulations, said sulfur replacement composition comprising a gluconic acid salt.
 2. The sulfur replacement composition as in claim 1, said gluconic acid salt being selected from the group consisting of sodium gluconate and potassium gluconate.
 3. The sulfur replacement composition as in claim 1, said gluconic acid comprising sodium D-gluconate.
 4. The sulfur replacement composition as in claim 1 further including a nitro aromatic acid salt.
 5. The sulfur replacement composition as in claim 4 said nitro aromatic acid salt comprising a nitrobenzoate salt.
 6. The sulfur replacement composition as in claim 5, said nitrobenzoate salt comprising sodium meta-nitrobenzoate.
 7. The sulfur replacement composition as in claim 1 comprising an alkali metal gluconic acid salt, sodium meta-nitrobenzoate, and mixtures thereof.
 8. A sulfur replacement composition for deflagrating gas generating formulations, said sulfur replacement composition comprising a sodium nitrobenzoate salt.
 9. The sulfur replacement composition as in claim 8, said sodium nitrobenzoate salt comprising sodium meta-nitrobenzoate.
 10. The sulfur replacement composition as in claim 8 further including a gluconic acid salt.
 11. The sulfur replacement composition as in claim 10 said gluconic acid salt being selected from the group consisting of sodium gluconate and potassium gluconate.
 12. The sulfur replacement composition as in claim 10 said gluconic acid salt comprising sodium D-gluconate.
 13. The sulfur replacement composition as in claim 8 comprising an alkali metal gluconic acid salt, sodium meta-nitrobenzoate, and mixtures thereof.
 14. A propellant composition comprising a sulfur free deflagrating gas generating formulation, and a first ignition aid of a gluconic acid salt.
 15. The propellant composition as in claim 14, said sulfur free deflagrating gas generating formulation including oxidizing and reducing agents selected from the group consisting of carbon, sugars, nitrate salts, perchlorate salts, benzoate salts, and mixtures thereof.
 16. The propellant composition as in claim 15, said sulfur free deflagrating gas generating formulation including oxidizing and reducing agents selected from the group consisting of carbon, lactose, potassium nitrate, potassium perchlorate, sodium benzoate, and mixtures thereof.
 17. The propellant composition as in claim 15, said sulfur free deflagrating gas generating formulation further including propellant additives selected from the group consisting of binders, burning rate modifiers, flow agents, colorants, coating agents, moisture retardants and mixtures thereof.
 18. The propellant composition as in claim 17 wherein said binders comprise dextrin.
 19. The propellant composition as in claim 17 wherein said burning rate modifiers comprise dicyanodiamide.
 20. The propellant composition as in claim 17 wherein said flow agents comprise tricalcium phosphate.
 21. The propellant composition as in claim 17 wherein said colorants comprise carbon black.
 22. The propellant composition as in claim 17 wherein said coating agents comprise graphite.
 23. The propellant composition as in claim 17 wherein said moisture retardants comprise a silicon compound.
 24. The propellant composition as in claim 14, said gluconic acid salt being selected from the group consisting of sodium gluconate and potassium gluconate.
 25. The propellant composition as in claim 14, said gluconic acid salt comprising sodium D-gluconate.
 26. The propellant composition as in claim 14 further including a second ignition aid of a nitro aromatic acid salt.
 27. The propellant composition as in claim 26, said nitro aromatic acid salt comprising sodium meta-nitrobenzoate.
 28. The propellant composition as in claim 14 wherein said gluconic acid salt is present in the range of 2 to 15 percent by weight.
 29. The propellant composition as in claim 26, wherein said nitro aromatic acid salt is present in the range of 2 to 12 percent by weight.
 30. A propellant composition comprising a sulfur free deflagrating gas generating formulation, and a first ignition aid of sodium nitrobenzoate salt.
 31. The propellant composition as in claim 30, said sulfur free deflagrating gas generating formulation including oxidizing and reducing agents selected from the group consisting of carbon, sugars, nitrate salts, perchlorate salts, benzoate salts, and mixtures thereof.
 32. The propellant composition as in claim 31, said sulfur free deflagrating gas generating formulation including oxidizing and reducing agents selected from the group consisting of carbon, lactose, potassium nitrate, potassium perchlorate, sodium benzoate, and mixtures thereof.
 33. The propellant composition as in claim 31, said sulfur free deflagrating gas generating formulation further including propellant additives selected from the group consisting of binders, burning rate modifiers, flow agents, colorants, coating agents, moisture retardants and mixtures thereof.
 34. The propellant composition as in claim 33 wherein said binders comprise dextrin.
 35. The propellant composition as in claim 33 wherein said burning rate modifiers comprise dicyanodiamide.
 36. The propellant composition as in claim 33 wherein said flow agents comprise tricalcium phosphate.
 37. The propellant composition as in claim 33 wherein said colorants comprise carbon black.
 38. The propellant composition as in claim 33 wherein said coating agents comprise graphite.
 39. The propellant composition as in claim 33 wherein said moisture retardants comprise a silicon compound.
 40. The propellant composition as in claim 30, said sodium nitrobenzoate salt comprising sodium meta-nitrobenzoate.
 41. The propellant composition as in claim 30 further including a second ignition aid of gluconic acid salt.
 42. The propellant composition as in claim 41, said gluconic acid salt being selected from the group consisting of sodium gluconate and, potassium gluconate.
 43. The sulfur replacement composition as in claim 41, said gluconic acid salt comprising sodium D-gluconate.
 44. The propellant composition as in claim 41 wherein said gluconic acid salt is present in the range of 2 to 15 percent by weight.
 45. The propellant composition as in claim 30, wherein said sodium nitrobenzoate salt is present in the range of 2 to 12 percent by weight.
 46. A combustible charge which forms no corrosive sulfur-containing byproducts of combustion, said charge comprising: a mixture of oxidizing and reducing agents free of sulfur-containing compounds; a mixture of propellant additives free of sulfur-containing compounds; and an ignition aid comprising a gluconic acid salt.
 47. The combustible charge as in claim 46, said mixture of oxidizing and reducing agents free of sulfur-containing compounds being selected from the group consisting of carbon, sugars, nitrate salts, perchlorate salts, benzoate salts, and mixtures thereof.
 48. The combustible charge as in claim 46, said mixture of oxidizing and reducing agents free of sulfur-containing compounds being selected from the group consisting of carbon, lactose, potassium nitrate, potassium perchlorate, sodium benzoate, and mixtures thereof.
 49. The combustible charge as in claim 48, said carbon present in the range of 0 to 15 percent by weight.
 50. The combustible charge as in claim 49, said carbon present in the range of 3 to 7 percent by weight.
 51. The combustible charge as in claim 48, said lactose present in the range of 0 to 15 percent by weight.
 52. The combustible charge as in claim 51, said lactose present in the range of 0 to 10 percent by weight.
 53. The combustible charge as in claim 48, said potassium nitrate present in the range of 0 to 60 percent by weight.
 54. The combustible charge as in claim 53, said potassium nitrate present in the range of 30 to 45 percent by weight.
 55. The combustible charge as in claim 48, said potassium perchlorate present in the range of 0 to 70 percent by weight.
 56. The combustible charge as in claim 55, said potassium perchlorate present in the range of 20 to 40 percent by weight.
 57. The combustible charge as in claim 48, said sodium benzoate present in the range of 0 to 30 percent by weight.
 58. The combustible charge as in claim 57, said sodium benzoate present in the range of 3 to 10 percent by weight.
 59. The combustible charge as in claim 46, said mixture of propellant additives free of sulfur-containing compounds being selected from the group consisting of binders, burning rate modifiers, flow agents, colorants, coating agents, moisture retardants and mixtures thereof.
 60. The combustible charge as in claim 59 wherein said binders comprise dextrin.
 61. The combustible charge as in claim 60, said dextrin present in the range of 0 to 10 percent by weight.
 62. The combustible charge as in claim 61, said dextrin present in the range of 2 to 8 percent by weight.
 63. The combustible charge as in claim 59 wherein said burning rate modifiers comprise dicyanodiamide.
 64. The combustible charge as in claim 63, said dicyanodiamide present in the range of 0 to 10 percent by weight.
 65. The combustible charge as in claim 64, said dicyanodiamide present in the range of 2 to 7 percent by weight.
 66. The combustible charge as in claim 59 wherein said flow agents comprise tricalcium phosphate.
 67. The combustible charge as in claim 59 wherein said colorants comprise carbon black.
 68. The combustible charge as in claim 59 wherein said coating agents comprise graphite.
 69. The combustible charge as in claim 59 wherein said moisture retardants comprise a silicon compound.
 70. The combustible charge as in claim 46, said gluconic acid salt being selected from the group consisting of sodium gluconate and potassium gluconate.
 71. The combustible charge as in claim 46, said gluconic acid comprising sodium D-gluconate.
 72. The combustible charge as in claim 70, said gluconic acid salt present in the range of 0 to 45 percent by weight.
 73. The combustible charge as in claim 72, said gluconic acid salt present in the range of 2 to 15 percent by weight.
 74. The combustible charge as in claim 46 further including a nitro aromatic acid salt.
 75. The composition as in claim 74, said nitro aromatic acid salt comprising sodium meta-nitrobenzoate.
 76. The combustible charge as in claim 74, said nitro aromatic acid salt present in the range of 0 to 40 percent by weight.
 77. The combustible charge as in claim 76, said nitro aromatic acid salt present in the range of 2 to 12 percent by weight.
 78. The combustible charge as in claim 48 comprising: carbon present in the range of 0 to 15 percent by weight; lactose present in the range of 0 to 15 percent by weight; potassium nitrate present in the range of 0 to 60 percent by weight; sodium benzoate present in the range of 0 to 30 percent by weight; potassium perchlorate present in the range of 0 to 70 percent by weight; and gluconic acid salt present in the range of 0 to 45 percent by weight.
 79. The combustible charge as in claim 78 further including a nitro aromatic acid salt present in the range of 0 to 40 percent by weight.
 80. The combustible charge as in claim 78 comprising: carbon present in the range of 3 to 7 percent by weight; potassium nitrate present in the range of 30 to 45 percent by weight; sodium benzoate present in the range of 3 to 10 percent by weight; potassium perchlorate present in the range of 20 to 40 percent by weight; and gluconic acid salt present in the range of 2 to 15 percent by weight.
 81. The combustible charge as in claim 80 further including a nitro aromatic acid salt present in the range of 2 to 12 percent by weight.
 82. A combustible charge which forms no corrosive sulfur-containing byproducts of combustion, said charge comprising: a mixture of oxidizing and reducing agents free of sulfur-containing compounds; a mixture of propellant additives free of sulfur-containing compounds; and an ignition aid comprising a sodium nitrobenzoate salt.
 83. The combustible charge as in claim 82, said mixture of oxidizing and reducing agents free of sulfur-containing compounds being selected from the group consisting of carbon, sugars, nitrate salts, perchlorate salts, benzoate salts, and mixtures thereof.
 84. The combustible charge as in claim 82, said mixture of oxidizing and reducing agents free of sulfur-containing compounds being selected from the group consisting of carbon, lactose, potassium nitrate, potassium perchlorate, sodium benzoate, and mixtures thereof.
 85. The combustible charge as in claim 84, said carbon present in the range of 0 to 15 percent by weight.
 86. The combustible charge as in claim 85, said carbon present in the range of 3 to 7 percent by weight.
 87. The combustible charge as in claim 84, said lactose present in the range of 0 to 15 percent by weight.
 88. The combustible charge as in claim 87, said lactose present in the range of 0 to 10 percent by weight.
 89. The combustible charge as in claim 84, said potassium nitrate present in the range of 0 to 60 percent by weight.
 90. The combustible charge as in claim 89, said potassium nitrate present in the range of 30 to 45 percent by weight.
 91. The combustible charge as in claim 84, said potassium perchlorate present in the range of 0 to 70 percent by weight.
 92. The combustible charge as in claim 91, said potassium perchlorate present in the range of 20 to 40 percent by weight.
 93. The combustible charge as in claim 84, said sodium benzoate present in the range of 0 to 30 percent by weight.
 94. The combustible charge as in claim 93, said sodium benzoate present in the range of 3 to 10 percent by weight.
 95. The combustible charge as in claim 82, said mixture of propellant additives free of sulfur-containing compounds being selected from the group consisting of binders, burning rate modifiers, flow agents, colorants, coating agents, moisture retardants and mixtures thereof.
 96. The combustible charge as in claim 95 wherein said binders comprise dextrin.
 97. The combustible charge as in claim 96, said dextrin present in the range of 0 to 10 percent by weight.
 98. The combustible charge as in claim 97, said dextrin present in the range of 2 to 8 percent by weight.
 99. The combustible charge as in claim 95 wherein said burning rate modifiers comprise dicyanodiamide.
 100. The combustible charge as in claim 99, said dicyanodiamide present in the range of 0 to 10 percent by weight.
 101. The combustible charge as in claim 100, said dicyanodiamide present in the range of 2 to 7 percent by weight.
 102. The combustible charge as in claim 95 wherein said flow agents comprise tricalcium phosphate.
 103. The combustible charge as in claim 95 wherein said colorants comprise carbon black.
 104. The combustible charge as in claim 95 wherein said coating agents comprise graphite.
 105. The combustible charge as in claim 95 wherein said moisture retardants comprise a silicon compound.
 106. The combustible charge as in claim 82, said sodium nitrobenzoate salt comprising sodium meta-nitrobenzoate.
 107. The combustible charge as in claim 106, said sodium meta-nitrobenzoate present in the range of 0 to 40 percent by weight.
 108. The combustible charge as in claim 107, said sodium meta-nitrobenzoate present in the range of 2 to 12 percent by weight.
 109. The combustible charge as in claim 82 further including a gluconic acid salt.
 110. The combustible charge as in claim 109, said gluconic acid being selected from the group consisting of sodium gluconate and potassium gluconate.
 111. The composition as in claim 109, said gluconic acid comprising sodium D-gluconate.
 112. The combustible charge as in claim 109, said gluconic acid salt present in the range of 0 to 45 percent by weight.
 113. The combustible charge as in claim 112, said gluconic acid salt present in the range of 2 to 15 percent by weight.
 114. The combustible charge as in claim 84 comprising: carbon present in the range of 0 to 15 percent by weight; lactose present in the range of 0 to 15 percent by weight; potassium nitrate present in the range of 0 to 60 percent by weight; sodium benzoate present in the range of 0 to 30 percent by weight; potassium perchlorate present in the range of 0 to 70 percent by weight; and sodium nitrobenzoate salt present in the range of 0 to 40 percent by weight.
 115. The combustible charge as in claim 114 further including a gluconic acid salt present in the range of 0 to 45 percent by weight.
 116. The combustible charge as in claim 114 comprising: carbon present in the range of 3 to 7 percent by weight; potassium nitrate present in the range of 30 to 45 percent by weight; sodium benzoate present in the range of 3 to 10 percent by weight; potassium perchlorate present in the range of 20 to 40 percent by weight; and sodium nitrobenzoate salt present in the range of 2 to 12 percent by weight.
 117. The combustible charge as in claim 116 further including a gluconic acid salt present in the range of 2 to 15 percent by weight. 